Sana'ar ɗan wasan fim ta wuce haddar layi: ta ƙunshi nazari, aiki, gwaji, yin kurakurai, da sake gwadawa har sai abin ya faru da gaskiya. Ga kowane aikin, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya haɗu da shirye-shiryen fasaha, hankali, da sadaukar da kai ga halayen don kyamarar ta ɗauki abin da masu sauraro ke buƙatar ji. A hanya, fasahohin fassara Su ne taswirar; da yin fim, da ƙasa; da sakamakon, wani motsin zuciyar da ake ganin kamar ba zato ba tsammani ko da yake an yi shi a hankali.
A cikin wannan labarin, za ku sami cikakken bayani game da abin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ke yi, wace hanya ce yin wasan kwaikwayo, dabarun da suka fi tasiri, da kuma kallon manyan ƴan wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka ɗauki horon su zuwa iyaka da aka tattauna. Za ku kuma sami lokuta inda aka yi muhawara kan ko hanyar tana taimakawa ko hanawa, da kuma sha'awar fim game da matsayi biyu. Duk wannan, tare da m bayanai da misalai wanda zai taimake ka ka fahimci yadda aka gina babban aiki.
Menene dan wasan fim yake yi a kullum?
Duk ya fara ne da karanta rubutun da nazarin halayen: manufa, cikas, dangantaka, da yanayi. Daga nan, mai yin wasan yana tsara hasashe na ɗabi'a don ba da daidaituwa ga kowane ishara da kalma, yana neman ƙwararrun ƙwararru waɗanda ke ba su damar amsawa ta zahiri. A cikin wannan lokaci, shiri na rubutu da ban mamaki ya kafa harsashin abin da zai zo a cikin maimaitawa da yin fim.
Sake gwadawa yana taimakawa gwada rhythms, subtexts, da ayyuka na zahiri; ana binciko wasu hanyoyi kuma ana tsaftace yanke shawara har sai abin ya kasance tare ba tare da fasaha ba. A cikin layi daya, ana aiki da murya da jiki akan: ƙamus, tsinkaya, lafazi, horo na jiki, ko canje-canjen bayyanar lokacin da rawar ke buƙata. Duk yana da manufa ɗaya: don tabbatar da labarin ya gudana kuma halin ya kasance m kuma Organic.
Yayin yin fim, dole ne ɗan wasan ya ci gaba da ci gaba da motsin rai da ta jiki tsakanin ɗauka, daidaita da alamun kamara, haske, da makirufo, kuma a maimaita daidai ba tare da rasa natsuwa ba. Kamara tana ɗaukar kowane nuance, don haka maida hankali shine mabuɗin; ko da ba su yi fim na kusa ba, ƴan wasan kwaikwayo nagari suna ci gaba da yin fim don ba da gaskiya ga sauran. Wannan ma'auni tsakanin fasaha da rashin jin daɗi shine, a cikin silima, a aikin agogon hannu.
Bayan yin fim, za a iya samun ƙarin aikin dubbing ko ADR don inganta layi da daidaiton sauti. Ci gaba da hira suna biyo baya daga baya, inda mai yin wasan ya tsara tsarin ba tare da tona asirin da ke lalata sihiri ba. A kowane mataki, ɗabi'ar aiki da kulawar ƙungiyar suna da mahimmanci kamar baiwa: halayen ƙwararru kuma yana da mahimmanci. wani bangare na fassarar.
Hanyar yin aiki: menene kuma me yasa yake rarraba ra'ayi
Lokacin da muka yi magana game da hanya a cikin yin aiki, muna komawa ga dangin hanyoyin da ke neman sanya dan wasan ya sami kwarewa (har zuwa iyakar) motsin zuciyarmu da tunanin halin. A tarihi, wannan hanya ta zana akan tsarin Stanislavski, wanda ya ba da shawarar hanya zuwa gaskiya ta wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar ayyuka na jiki, ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, da cikakken bincike. Daga can, bambance-bambancen karatu da makarantu sun bayyana waɗanda suka sanar da aikin tsararraki na masu yin wasan kwaikwayo.
Yin aiki da hanyar ya haifar da sakamako mai mantawa, amma kuma yana haifar da cece-kuce. Wasu a cikin 'yan jarida da masu sukar la'akari da shi ya wuce kima lokacin da ake ganin ya maye gurbin yin aiki tare da kwarewa na gaske wanda zai iya sanya dan wasan cikin haɗari ko kuma ya sa ma'aikatan su ji dadi. A Hollywood, yawancin igiyoyin ruwa suna rayuwa tare: ba kowa ba ne ya rungumi hanyar, kuma ba lallai ba ne; akwai masu yin wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka fi son su mai da hankali kan bayyanannun ayyuka, hasashe, da alaƙa da abokin tarayya, ba tare da manne wa tunani mai raɗaɗi.
Manyan masu fassarorin hanyoyin 15 na baya-bayan nan da canjinsu
- Robert De Niro (Direban Tasi) Ya cire horon sa: ya sami lasisin tukin tasi a birnin New York kuma ya yi aiki a asirce, bayan da ya ga sojojin Amurka da ke wani sansani a Italiya don su ji daɗin halayensu. Wannan nutsewa ya ƙara rura wutar ɗabi'ar Travis Bickle da kuma kaɗaicinsa tare da tsantsar gaskiya. damuwa.
- Christian Bale (Machini) Ya yi kama da sadaukarwar jiki mai tsattsauran ra'ayi: ya rasa kusan kilogiram 30 tare da matsanancin abinci na 'ya'yan itace da adanawa, har ya damu matukan jirgin, wanda ya nemi ya rage gudu. Jikinsa da ya lalace da yanayin tunaninsa sun haɗu akan allo don ɗaukar hoto na laifi da rashin bacci wanda ke haifar rushe Man.
- Kate Winslet (Mai karatu) Ta yi aiki a duk rana tare da lafazin Jamusanci da ƙarfin zuciya wanda ya ba ta Oscar. Ita da kanta ta yi ikirarin cewa ta dauki watanni kafin ta dawo daidai da yadda ta saba bayan ta zauna a wani tsohon mai gadin Nazi, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa halin da ake ciki ya kasance. zurfi.
- Charlize Theron (Monster) ya canza jikinsa da motsinsa Don shigar da Aileen Wuornos, ta sami kiba, ta canza fatarta da yadudduka masu simintin tattoos, ta aske girarta, kuma ta sanya haƙoran haƙora waɗanda suka ɓata murmushinta. Sakamakon shine aiki na jiki da na tunani wanda ke nisanta ta daga duk wani abin sha'awa kuma ya sanya ta cikin danyen m.
- Choi Min-sik (Oldboy) Ya musanya tsakanin kiba da raguwar kiba, ya sanya wa fatarsa alama da waya don yin tatsuniyoyi na halinsa, har ma ya ci dorinar ruwa mai rai a wani wurin da aka maimaita sau da yawa. Alƙawarinsa yana ba wa fursunoni da ramuwar gayya na gaba gaskiyar cewa masu sauraro suna jin kamar an gane. tasiri kai tsaye.
- Adrien Brody (The Pianist) Ya daina jin daɗi: ya sayar da motarsa, ya bar gidansa, ya kashe wayoyinsa ya koma Turai da akwatuna biyu, har ma ya nisanta kansa da abokin tarayya. Ya nemi ya fuskanci halaka da tumɓukewa, mahimman abubuwan gina jiki don ɗaukar tsirar ɗan wasan pian Szpilman tare da shi. gaskiya mai tsauri.
- Heath Ledger (The Dark Knight) Ya keɓe kansa a cikin otal, ya ajiye littafin diary daga ilimin halin ɗan adam na Joker, kuma ya kiyaye ƙarfin saiti ba tare da karya halinsa ba, wanda ya burge (har ma ya dagula) abokan aikinsa. Abun da ya yi na hargitsi da yanke murmushi yana daya daga cikin mafi wurin hutawa daga fina-finan kwanan nan.
- Jim Carrey (Man on the Moon) Ya zauna Andy Kaufman a kunne da kashe kamara, yana kwaikwayon tics ɗinsa, sautinsa, da kuzarinsa don haka ma'aikatan jirgin suna jin kamar suna zaune tare da ɗan wasan barkwanci na gaske. Wannan hadewar mai yin da hali ya mayar da harbin zuwa gwaji na ainihi tare da sakamako mai nasara. hypnotics.
- Hilary Swank (Yara Ba sa kuka) Ta rayu a matsayin namiji na ɗan lokaci, har ta shawo kan maƙwabtanta cewa tana da ɗan'uwa da ke ziyarta. Wannan nutsewa ya sanya kowane motsin hali da kamanninsa suka fito daga rayuwar yau da kullun, suna samar da matakin sahihanci. m.
- Nicolas Cage (Birdy) An cire masa hakora biyu ba tare da an cire shi ba don jin zafin jiki na gaske kuma ya shafe makonni tare da daure fuskarsa, daidai da matsayinsa na soja da yakin Vietnam ya yi. Wasan caca yana fayyace farashin zahiri na ƙwarewar yaƙi tare da ɗanɗano m.
- Jared Leto (Squad masu kashe kansa) Ya ajiye kyamarar Joker kuma ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na macabre tare da abokan aikinsa, yana aika abubuwa masu tayar da hankali kamar beraye ko harsasai. Dabararsa ita ce ta yada rashin jin daɗi da hargitsi, abubuwan da ke bayyana ilimin halin ɗan adam ta hanya. m.
- Daniel Day-Lewis (Lincoln) Ya yi nazarin tarihin rayuwa, ya yi koyi da rubutun hannu na shugaban kasa, kuma ya sanya hannu kan kansa "Commander in Chief," yana gyare-gyaren muryarsa, matsayi, da tunani har zuwa ƙarshen fiber. Ƙwarewarsa tana juya kowane motsi zuwa wani yanki na tarihin tarihi. viva.
- Forest Whitaker (Sarkin Ƙarshe na Scotland) Ya yi amfani da lafazin lafazin, ƙwazo, da abinci waɗanda suka taimaka masa wajen haɗawa da Idi Amin, ya rage abincinsa zuwa sassauƙan tsafta don daidaita jiki da tunani. Ya Magnetic da menacing gaban an haife shi daga wannan aikin na m canji.
- Michelle Williams (Blue Valentine) Ta zauna tare da abokin aikinta na wata guda don haɓaka halaye biyu, kuɗin gida, da ƙananan ayyukan yau da kullun. Kullum yana zama abu mai ban mamaki kuma yana ba da fim ɗin dabi'a da alama daftarin aiki.
- Tom Cruise (Labarai) Ya horar da ba a lura da shi ba: ya ba da fakiti a matsayin mai aikawa ba tare da an gane shi ba, yana gwada kamanninsa na birni. Wannan horon yana fassara zuwa kisa mai iya haɗawa da kowa, mafarauta. Marar ganuwa cikin taron jama'a.
'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na yanzu da shari'o'in da suka yi kanun labarai
Sau da yawa ana cewa ba kowa a Hollywood ke bin wannan hanyar ba, kuma a gaskiya ma, wasu suna adawa da hakan, suna ganin zai iya zama ƙarshensa. Wasu suna amfani da shi dangane da aikin ko rawar. Daga cikin wannan bakan, waɗanda ke haɗa albarkatun hanyar tare da wasu kayan aikin don daidaita fasaha, lafiya, da haɗin kai, kuma wani lokacin wannan aikin yana karɓar kyaututtuka irin su Shell na Zinare.
Leonardo DiCaprio Ana yawan ambaton shi a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke ɗaukar dabaru lokacin da rawar ya buƙaci ta. An ce wadannan dabarun na iya cin karo da wasu ka'idoji na kashin kansa, wani lokaci kuma suna danganta shi da jajircewarsa na muhalli da matsayinsa kan abinci, amma hakan ba zai hana shi nema ba. ban mamaki tsanani wanda kowane labari ke bukata.
A 2016, Timothée Chalamet Ya zaɓi isarwa na sirri sosai a cikin Kira Ni da Sunan ku, yana dogaro da shirye-shiryen jiki (piano da harshen jiki) da kyakkyawan sauraron abokin tarayya, kayan aikin da galibi ana danganta su da makarantu na hanyar kuma a nan suna ƙarfafa rashin ƙarfi. haske.
Shari'ar Heath Ledger Kuma Joker nasa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan mahawara, alama ce ta yadda nitsawar tunani zata iya tafiya. Tsarinsa, wanda aka riga aka sake nazari, yana haifar da tattaunawa game da iyakoki masu lafiya ba tare da raguwa daga halitta ba. maras sharewa.
Adam Driver, wanda aka sani da horo, ya ba da fifikon maida hankali har ya zuwa ga barin lokutan zamantakewa yayin harbe-harbe; Anecdote yana yawo na karin kumallo da ba a raba shi da Mark Hamill don kiyaye hankali da nesantar tunanin halinsa. ake bukata.
A cikin matsananciyar wasan kwaikwayo. Jared Leto ta yanke shawarar yanke shawara iri-iri da suka shafi duka jikinta da abokan zamanta, duk a kokarinta na zama masu hali. Waɗannan dabarun sake buɗe muhawara game da ɗabi'a akan saiti da ma'auni tsakanin haɓakar ƙirƙira da girmamawa na sana'a.
Mahimman dabarun fassara fiye da hanyar
Stanislavski Technique
Konstantin Stanislavsky ya bayyana tsarin don cimma ainihin matakin gaskiya ta hanyar bincike da aikin jiki. Za a iya tsara tambayarsa jagora kamar haka: Idan ina cikin halin halin, me zan yi? Ta wannan maɓalli, mai wasan kwaikwayo yana gina haɗin kai da kuma nasaba motsin zuciyarmu.
- Ma'anar gaskiya: ware kwayoyin halitta daga na wucin gadi kuma mayar da hankali kan mahimmanci, kawar da tics mai ban mamaki.
- Shakatawa: saki tashin hankali domin jiki ya zama samuwa da kuma daidai tashar.
- Natsuwa da ƙwaƙwalwa: haɓaka mayar da hankali na ciki da na waje, tare da aikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da ƙwaƙwalwa.
- Tuntuɓi da sadarwa: mayar da martani ga abokan aiki da abin da ke faruwa a kan mataki.
- Rukunin ayyuka: raba aikin zuwa guntuwar da za a iya sarrafawa don ayyana manufofi da dabaru.
- Abubuwan da aka bayar: fahimtar mahallin, lokaci da dangantaka don tabbatar da halaye.
- Daidaito: daidaita abubuwan motsa jiki tare da baka na hali.
- Haɓakawa: Kada ku daidaita don mafita na farko; ci gaba da bincike a gaskiya.
Grotowski Technique
Jerzy Grotowski, bayan nazarin Stanislavsky, ya mayar da hankali ga horar da jiki da madaidaicin motsa jiki. Ya dauki aikin dan wasan a matsayin kusan binciken kimiyya: dakin gwaje-gwaje inda mai wasan kwaikwayo ya zubar da clichés kuma ya gano wani sabon bayani. kai tsaye da al'ada.
Kwarewar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kathakali, Marcel Marceau's pantomime ko Meyerhold's biomechanics, ya ba da fifiko ga tsarin akan sakamakon, fahimtar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin wani aiki na bayarwa ga masu sauraro. Matakin ya zama sarari na sadaukarwa da gaskiya, tare da ban sha'awa, shawara da kuzarin ruhi.
Chekhov Technique
Michael Chekhov, almajirin Stanislavsky, ya sauƙaƙa samun dama ga motsin rai ta hanyar hotuna da halaye na zahiri, ba tare da wuce gona da iri ba. Ya ba da shawarar motsin zuciyar mutum: motsi na kankare wanda ke tattare da yanayin tunani, buɗe hanya mai sassauƙa tsakanin jiki da tunani. tunanin.
Horowarsa yana jaddada sauƙi, siffa, kyakkyawa, da duka; yana gayyatar mutum don haskakawa, tattara hankali, da ƙirƙirar yanayi waɗanda masu sauraro suka gane nan da nan. Ta hanyar kalmomin aiki da abubuwan gani, mai wasan kwaikwayo yana guje wa tashin hankalin da ba dole ba kuma yana haɗi tare da sha'awar waƙoƙin scene.
Fasahar Adler
Ga Stella Adler, mabuɗin shine hasashe. Dole ne mai wasan kwaikwayo ya faɗaɗa duniyarsa ta hanyar lura da al'adu, kuma daga nan ya cika rayuwar ɗan adam tare da ainihin hotuna. Ana haifar da aiki daga aikatawa da tabbatar da ayyuka, ba daga ruɗewa a cikinsu ba. motsin zuciyar mutum na sirri.
- A yi: dogara ga ayyukan da aka tsara a cikin rubutun don gano ainihin rikice-rikice.
- Hasashen da aka horar: lura da duniya don ƙirƙirar hotuna masu haske waɗanda ke tallafawa almara.
- Tsananin tunani: nazarin yanayin zamantakewa, ra'ayoyi da cikakkun bayanai na aikin don bayyana asirinsa.
- Girma: shirye-shiryen murya da na jiki don haɓaka abu kuma isa ga masu sauraro da iko.
A tsarinsa, maƙala ita ce babban taron gina hotuna da ayyuka; akwai inda daga baya za a nuna daidai da kuma claridad.
Strasberg Technique
Lee Strasberg, wanda Stanislavsky ya rinjayi, ya jaddada ƙwaƙwalwar tunani: yin amfani da tunanin kansa da jin dadi don samun damar yanayin halin. Hanyarsa ta tsara kayan aiki don kare maida hankali da haɗi tare da cibiyar tasiri na hali. mai fassara.
- Shakatawa: narkar da tashin hankali don sakin martanin motsin rai.
- Tattarawa: aiki tare da abubuwa da yanayi waɗanda ke haifar da hotuna masu amfani da jin daɗi.
- Sirri: ɗaga bangon tunani na huɗu wanda ke ba da damar kusancin tunani ko da a gaban masu sauraro ko kamara.
- Daidaitawa: zaɓi kawai bayanan halayen da ke shafar jikin tunanin kai tsaye, guje wa hayaniya.
- Action: haɗa ayyuka lokacin da fahimtar motsin rai ta riga ta kafu.
- Tasiri da tunanin tunani: bambanta abubuwan da ɗan wasan ya samu da kuma abubuwan da hankali suka kama, haɗa su cikin aikin.
Tsawon shekaru, tattaunawa tare da layin Adler yana da alamar koyarwa a Arewacin Amirka: tunani da ayyuka tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar zuciya. Daga wannan tattaunawa ta fito da tsararraki masu iya zabar kayan aiki bisa ga aikin da kuma hali.
Meisner Technique
Sanford Meisner ya ba da shawarar horarwa wanda ke haɓaka sauraren gaskiya da amsawa ga abokin tarayya. Babban ra'ayin: don fita waje da kansa kuma ya ba da hankali ga waje yana kunna dabi'un gaskiya, fiye da kalmomi, wanda wani lokaci, kamar yadda ya ce, "zai iya. ƙarya".
- Abun zuga: kyakkyawan fahimta don ba da damar ingantattun martani.
- Saurari: mayar da hankali kan ɗayan don amsawa a cikin yanayi mai daɗi.
- Hankali ga muhalli: bari mahallin ya jawo hankali da ayyuka.
- Halaye: fifita abin da ke faruwa a ƙasan rubutu.
- Gina na sirri: haɓaka kayan aikin ku na musamman a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.
A aikace, duk dabaru suna raba zaren gama gari: bincike, aiki, da neman gaskiya. Makullin shine haɗa albarkatu da ƙirƙira wata hanya ta sirri wacce ke ba ku damar haskakawa ba tare da rasa lafiyar ku da jin daɗin ku ba. wasan wasa.
Abubuwan ban mamaki na fim: rawar biyu a cikin Kill Bill saga
Labarin fansa na Bride a cikin aikin Quentin Tarantino ya kasu kashi biyu kuma ya ɓoye wani dadi mai dadi: Michael Parks ya bayyana a cikin juzu'i na 1 a matsayin Texas Ranger Earl McGraw kuma, daga baya, a cikin juzu'i na 2, kamar yadda Esteban Vihaio, mahaifin Bill; Bugu da ƙari, Gordon Liu ya ƙunshi haruffa biyu daban-daban a cikin saga. Wannan al'ada ta sake amfani da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin ayyuka daban-daban yana ƙara rubutu zuwa sararin samaniya na Tarantino kuma yana murna da aiki versatility.
Idan aka duba gaba dayan hoton, aikin dan wasan fina-finai shi ne zane-zane na fasaha, hasashe, da jaruntaka: daga nazarin rubutu da horarwa ta jiki zuwa zabin makarantar wasan kwaikwayo, gami da yanke shawara irin su hanya ko fiye da tunanin tunani da hanyoyin halaye. Misalan da aka sake dubawa sun nuna cewa girma yana zuwa lokacin da ƙwararrun ɗabi'a, kayan aiki masu kyau, da kuma sha'awar rayuwa tare da wasu. gaskiya.
