Ƙaiƙayi yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan yau da kullun da muka taɓa fuskanta sau dubu, amma duk da haka har yanzu abin sirri ne. Yana sa mu yi dariya da ƙarfi, mu yi gunaguni, mu roƙi ya daina, kuma a lokaci guda mu roƙe shi ya ci gaba. A bayan wannan wauta akwai ƙananan hanyoyin kwakwalwa, motsin rai masu ƙarfi, har ma da ƙa'idodin zamantakewa waɗanda muke ɗauke da su tsawon miliyoyin shekaru.
Idan ka taɓa yin mamakin dalilin da yasa wasu sassan jiki suke da ƙaiƙayi sosai, dalilin da ya sa ya dogara da yanayin jikinka, ko kuma dalilin da ya sa ba zai yiwu a yi wa kanka cakulkuli ba, kimiyya tana da alamu da yawa. A yau mun san cewa ana kunna takamaiman da'irori a cikin kwakwalwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da tsarin somatosensory, hypothalamus, da tsarin limbic, kuma wannan haɗin taɓawa, tsammani, wasa, tsoro, da jin daɗi shine abin da ke kawo murmushi (ko dariya) a fuskarka.
Menene ainihin ƙaiƙayi kuma me yasa suke sa mu dariya?
Idan muka yi magana game da cakulkuli, a zahiri muna nufin wani abu mai rikitarwa na ji wanda ya haɗu da abubuwan da ke motsa jiki a fata, ji a cikin tsokoki, da kuma martanin motsin rai mai ƙarfi . Ba wai kawai wani ne ke taɓa mu ba: wani nau'in hulɗa ne na musamman, a cikin takamaiman sassan jiki da kuma cikin wani yanayi na zamantakewa (wasa, amincewa, kusanci, da sauransu).
Likitan asibiti kuma masanin ilimin halittar jiki, María Alejandra Rodríguez Zía, ta bayyana cewa idan wani ya yi mana cakulkuli, sigina daban-daban suna isa kwakwalwa ta hanyar jijiyoyin jijiyoyi. Da farko, ana yin rijistar jin daɗin taɓawa a cikin fata, sannan a ƙara jin daɗin da ke matakin tsoka. Wannan bayanin ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar kwakwalwa, wanda hakan ke aika sigina zuwa yankuna masu zurfi kamar hypothalamus, hippocampus, da tsarin limbic , muhimman wurare a cikin daidaita motsin rai, tsoro, jin daɗi, da zafi.
Wannan mahadar motsin rai da motsin rai tana haifar da amsawar haɗin kai: jiki yana fassara matsin lamba akan fata da tsokoki a matsayin wani abu mai rikitarwa, a wani wuri tsakanin barazana da wasa, kuma daga wannan hulɗar akwai halayen yau da kullun kamar dariya, bayyanar fuska ta farin ciki, motsin gujewa, ko kururuwa . Saboda haka, kodayake dariya na iya zama kamar ta atomatik, ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba, amma sakamakon hanyar sadarwa mai rikitarwa ta haɗin jijiyoyi.
Aristotle ya yi tunani game da cakulkuli sama da shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata, kuma Charles Darwin ya yi mamakin dalilin da yasa yake haifar da dariya da kuma rawar da yake takawa a cikin nau'in halittarmu. A yau, duk da ilimin kimiyyar kwakwalwa ta zamani, masu bincike suna ci gaba da yin tambayoyi kamar: dalilin da yasa hankali ke canzawa dangane da yanayi, dalilin da yasa wasu sassan jiki kawai ke amsawa, dalilin da yasa ba za mu iya cakulkuli da kanmu ba, da kuma yadda wannan dariya ta bambanta da dariya da barkwanci ke haifarwa.
Nau'i biyu na cakulkuli: knisemesis da gargalesis
A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, masu bincike da yawa sun fara gano cewa ba duk ƙaiƙayi suke jin iri ɗaya ba. Daga nan, an bayyana manyan rukunoni guda biyu: knisemesis da gargalesis . Duk da cewa sunan yana da ban mamaki sosai, abin ya saba wa kowa.
Knismesis yana nufin waɗannan ƙaiƙayi masu laushi, kamar jin gashin fuka-fuki yana goge fata, kwari da ke rarrafe a hannu, ko kuma gashi yana faɗowa a wuya. Jin daɗin ya fi kama da ƙaiƙayi, yana iya zama mai ban haushi ko mara daɗi, kuma ba kasafai yake haifar da dariya ba. Yawanci yakan haifar da halayen kariya masu sauƙi, kamar girgiza yankin da abin ya shafa, jan hannun, ko karce.
A gefe guda kuma, Gargalesis shine abin da muke dangantawa da yawan ƙaiƙayi wanda ke sa mu dariya da ƙarfi idan wani ya taɓa mu a wasu sassan jiki: tafin ƙafafu, hammata, wuya, gefuna, haɓa… Wannan bambancin yana haifar da cakuda dariya , rashin jin daɗi, jin daɗi da ɗan rashin iko , kuma yawanci yana haifar da motsi kwatsam don tserewa.
Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun nuna cewa, gabaɗaya, muna ganin nau'in cakulkuli ɗaya ko ɗayan, amma ba duka biyun ba a lokaci guda. Ana kyautata zaton wannan yana faruwa ne saboda masu karɓar jijiyoyi a cikin fata da hanyoyin jijiyoyi da abin ya shafa sun bambanta a kowane yanayi. Knismesis zai kunna masu karɓar da suka shafi ƙaiƙayi da gano ƙananan abubuwan da ke motsa jiki, yayin da gargalesis zai ƙunshi ƙarin matsin lamba da masu karɓar motsi, da kuma ƙarin shiga cikin sassan kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da motsin rai da wasa.
Ƙaiƙayi a matsayin ɗabi'ar zamantakewa: wasa, rinjaye, da miƙa wuya
Cakulan mai tsanani, kamar wanda aka sani da gargalesis, ba wai kawai batun taɓawa ba ne. Akwai ƙarin shaida da ke nuna cewa dariya da wannan nau'in cakulan ke haifarwa tana da ƙarfi a cikin zamantakewa , musamman a cikin hulɗar uwa da 'ya'ya, dangantakar 'yan'uwa, hulɗa tsakanin abokai na kud da kud, ko kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan jima'i a cikin manya.
A cikin waɗannan yanayi, ana amfani da cakulkuli a matsayin hanyar haɗi ta jiki, gina aminci, da ƙarfafa alaƙa . Ga yara, misali, yana zama al'ada ta gama gari: bibiya, dariya, runguma, da kuma wani nau'in tattaunawa mai gudana tsakanin "tsaya, tsayawa" da "sake, sake." Duk wannan yana taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa haɗin kai na motsin rai, inganta hulɗa ta jiki mai kyau, da kuma koyar da ƙa'idodin wasa da iyakoki.
Amma cakulkuli yana da gefen da ba shi da laifi. Marubuta da yawa sun nuna cewa, a lokuta da yawa, yana ƙunshe da tasirin rinjaye da miƙa wuya . Mutumin da ke cakulkuli yawanci yana sarrafa yanayin, yana yanke shawara lokacin da zai fara da lokacin da zai tsaya, yayin da mutumin da ake cakulkuli ana tilasta masa ya mayar da martani, sau da yawa da dariya, koda lokacin da ba ya son yin wasa.
Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da yasa dariya daga cakulkuli ba koyaushe take nuna jin daɗi na gaske a wannan lokacin ba. Ya dogara sosai akan mahallin: wasan wasa da wanda ka amince da shi ya bambanta da yanayin da mutumin yake jin tilastawa ko rashin jin daɗi. Yanayi, matakin amincewa da mutumin da ke cakulkuli, da kuma jin iko suna bambanta tsakanin kwarewa mai daɗi da mara daɗi.
Daga mahangar ɗan adam, wasu ƙwararru sun nuna cewa cakulkuli ya samo asali ne a matsayin dabarar tausayawa da warware rikici . Kamar yadda hawainiya ke canza launi don rage haɗarin tashin hankali, cakulkuli na iya canza yanayin da ke iya zama mai tsauri zuwa musayar wasa, rage kishi da kuma sauƙaƙe alaƙa da ɗayan mutumin.
Me ke faruwa a kwakwalwa idan muka ji kamar an yi mana cakulkuli?
Domin fahimtar abin da ke faruwa a cikin kwakwalwa yayin cakulkuli, yana da matuƙar amfani a duba wasu dabbobi. Wata ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar jijiyoyi daga Jami'ar Humboldt da ke Berlin ta yi nazari dalla-dalla kan yadda beraye ke amsawa idan suka yi cakulkuli a cikin cikunansu da tafukan hannayensu. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa waɗannan dabbobin suna fitar da sautin murya mai ƙarfi a cikin nau'in na'urar duban dan tayi , wanda zai yi daidai da dariyarmu mai yawan gaske.
Bayan an yi masa cakulkuli, beraye suna yin tsalle-tsalle na farin ciki, wani hali da aka bayyana a cikin nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa da dama, ciki har da mutane, kuma yana da alaƙa da yanayin wasa mai ƙarfi. Abin mamaki shi ne, lokacin da hannun mai gwajin ya sake bayyana, dabbobin suka kusance shi da sauri, kamar suna neman maimaita wannan jin daɗin da ke da alaƙa da cakulkuli.
Yayin da suke lura da wannan ɗabi'a, masu binciken sun lura da yadda kwakwalwar berayen ke aiki. Sun ga cewa lokacin da berayen suka yi ƙaiƙayi, an kunna ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi a cikin kwakwalwar somatosensory - babban yankin cortex wanda ke da alhakin haɗa abubuwan da ke motsa jiki daga fata da tsokoki. Zuwa yanzu, komai ya yi daidai da tsammanin: idan akwai hulɗa ta jiki, yankin da ke sarrafa taɓawa yana kunnawa.
Abin mamaki da aka gano ya faru ne lokacin da suka gano cewa waɗannan ƙwayoyin halittar suna aiki lokacin da bera ke wasa da bin hannun mai binciken , koda ba tare da ƙarfin motsin taɓawa na cakulkuli ba. A wata ma'anar, yanayin jijiyoyin da aka saba da cakulkuli yana aiki a cikin yanayin wasan zamantakewa, wanda ke ƙarfafa ra'ayin cewa waɗannan ƙwayoyin halittar suna cikin tsoffin jerin mu'amalar wasa a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Akasin haka, lokacin da aka sanya dabbobin a cikin yanayi mai wahala - misali, a kan wani dandamali mai tsayi ko a ƙarƙashin haske mai haske - ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi da ke da alhakin cakulkuli sun daina harbi. A cikin waɗannan yanayi masu haifar da damuwa, berayen ba sa sake yin muryarsu ta "dariya" kuma ba sa mayar da martani iri ɗaya lokacin da aka taɓa cikinsu . Wani abu makamancin haka yana faruwa da mu mutane: lokacin da muke cikin damuwa ko tsoro, cakulkuli kusan ya ɓace.
Waɗannan abubuwan da aka lura sun nuna cewa ƙwayar halittar somatosensory ba ta takaita ga yin rijistar abubuwan da ke motsa jiki ba, har ma tana haɗa bayanai game da yanayin motsin rai , kamar damuwa ko jin daɗin tsaro. Kamar yadda Darwin ya nuna, hankali yana buƙatar kasancewa cikin "yanayi mai daɗi" don yin cakulkuli don haifar da dariya. Akasin haka, dariya da hulɗar jiki da ke da alaƙa da cakulkuli na iya daidaita yanayin motsin zuciyarmu, yana ba da ta'aziyya, ƙarfafawa, da kuma kusanci - wani abu da ke haɗuwa da tasirin ta'aziyya na shafa da runguma.
Dabbobi masu ƙaiƙayi: beraye, karnuka, birai… amma ba duka ba
Ba beraye ne kaɗai ke amsawa ga abubuwan da ke motsa jiki kamar cakulkuli ba. An bayyana irin waɗannan halaye a cikin karnuka, birai daban-daban - kamar yadda halayen birai suka nuna - da sauran nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa . A wasu lokuta, ana lura da muryar da ke da alaƙa da wasa, motsin tserewa daga wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma yunƙurin neman hulɗa daga baya, suna kama da abin da muke gani a cikin mutane.
Duk da haka, ba dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa ba ne suke da ƙaiƙayi. Michael Brecht, ɗaya daga cikin masu bincike a Jami'ar Humboldt, ya lura cewa, abin mamaki, ba su iya yi wa beraye cakulkuli ta amfani da hanyoyin da suka yi aiki a cikin beraye ba. Wannan yana nuna cewa ikon fuskantar cakulkuli (da kuma haɗa shi da wasan zamantakewa) wataƙila ya samo asali ne musamman a wasu nau'ikan halittu.
Brecht ya nuna cewa cakulkuli na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da halayyar wasa . Gaskiyar cewa ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi iri ɗaya a cikin kwakwalwan somatosensory suna aiki a lokacin cakulkuli da kuma lokacin da beraye suka bi hannun mutumin yana nuna cewa kwakwalwa na iya amfani da jin cakulkuli a matsayin "dabara" don sa hulɗar zamantakewa ta zama mai lada.
A wannan ma'anar, jin ƙaiƙayi na iya aiki a matsayin lada da aka haɗa a cikin wasan jiki , wani abu da ke ƙarfafa dabbobi - da mutane - su nemi irin wannan hulɗa, ƙarfafa alaƙa, yin aikin ƙwarewar motsa jiki, da kuma koyon daidaita ƙarfi da iyakoki a cikin yanayi mai aminci.
Me yasa ba za mu iya yi wa kanmu dariya ba?
Ɗaya daga cikin tambayoyin da suka fi jan hankali kan wannan batu shine dalilin da ya sa ba zai yiwu a yi wa kanka cakulkuli ba. Mun san cewa lokacin da muka yi ƙoƙarin taɓa tafin ƙafafunmu, hammatarmu, ko wasu wurare masu laushi, jin daɗin yana da rauni sosai kuma ba kasafai yake haifar da dariya mara misaltuwa da ke faruwa lokacin da wani ya yi mana cakulkuli ba tare da mun iya annabta motsin ba.
Bayanin ya ta'allaka ne akan yadda tsarin somatosensory ke aiki - hanyar sadarwa ta masu karɓa, jijiyoyi, da sassan kwakwalwa waɗanda ke da alhakin tattarawa da sarrafa bayanan taɓawa. Duk lokacin da muka yi aikin motsa jiki (misali, motsa hannunmu don taɓa gefenmu), kwakwalwa tana amfani da hanyoyin hasashen abubuwa: tana hasashen sakamakon wannan motsin rai kuma tana cire su daga siginar ƙarshe.
A wata ma'anar, idan aka samar da abin ƙarfafawa da kansa, tsarin somatosensory yana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ba shi da ƙarfi kuma ba shi da barazana fiye da idan ya fito daga tushe na waje. Wannan bambancin ƙarfin hasashen abu ne mai mahimmanci: kwakwalwarmu ta san daidai abin da zai faru lokacin da muka fara motsi da kanmu, yayin da ba za ta iya hango saurin, ƙarfi, ko hanyar hannun wani ba da cikakken bayani.
Wannan yana sa a tace abin da ke motsa taɓawa, yana rage tasirinsa, don haka, yana rage yuwuwar kunna takamaiman hanyoyin jijiyoyi don yin ƙaiƙayi mai tsanani. Ana ganin wannan lamari a cikin ƙaiƙayi mai sauƙi (knisemesis) da kuma ƙaiƙayi mai tsanani (gargalesis), amma ana iya lura da shi musamman a cikin na ƙarshe, wanda ke buƙatar wani abu na rashin tabbas da ɗan rashin tabbas don haifar da dariya.
Gabaɗaya, an yi nuni da cewa idan muka taɓa kanmu, ana kunna wata hanya a cikin kwakwalwa wadda ke hana da kuma hana sautin murya . Wannan zai bayyana dalilin da ya sa, idan muka yi ƙoƙarin yi wa kanmu cakulkuli yayin da wani ke yi mana cakulkuli, jin daɗin yana raguwa kuma dariya tana jinkiri ko ma ta ɓace. Kamar dai tsarin jijiyoyi yana amfani da wani nau'in "birki na ciki" don hana duk wani taɓawa da kai ya zama tushen motsa jiki mai yawa.
Yadda ake auna ƙaiƙayi a cikin mutane
Nazarin kimiyya game da wani abu kamar cakulkuli ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba. Duk da haka, an gudanar da wasu gwaje-gwaje masu ban mamaki. A cikin wani bincike na baya-bayan nan, matasa goma sha biyu (mata takwas da maza huɗu), waɗanda matsakaicin shekarunsu ya kai kimanin 30 , sun shiga, tare a cikin da'irar zamantakewa ɗaya don tabbatar da saba da kuma rage rashin jin daɗi.
Kowanne mahalarta ya ɗauki matsayin mai kauri ko mai kauri, yana zaɓar wurare da kuma salon magana ta hanyar da ta dace. Masu binciken ba wai kawai sun mai da hankali kan ƙwarewar da mutum ya samu ba (ƙarfin cakulkulin da kowanne mutum ya ji), har ma sun yi rikodin ma'aunin sauti, gani, da na jiki don auna martanin.
Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, sun yi nazarin canje-canje a kewayen ƙirji (wanda ke da alaƙa da numfashi da dariya), yanayin fuska, da kuma yadda ake furta sauti. Sun lura cewa canje-canjen jiki da na bayyana sun bayyana kimanin daƙiƙa 0,3 bayan abin da ya motsa taɓa , yayin da sautin murya (dariya mai ji) ya bayyana bayan daƙiƙa 0,2. Wannan jinkirin lokaci yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar yadda matakai daban-daban na amsawar cakulkuli ke da alaƙa.
Masu binciken sun kuma gano cewa tsawon lokacin dariya da halayen sautinta (mita, ƙarfi, da kuma sautin) suna da alaƙa da ƙarfin motsin kai: yayin da jin daɗin yake ƙaruwa, dariyar tana da tsayi da kuma bayyana . Wannan yana goyon bayan ra'ayin cewa, yayin da akwai wani ɓangare na al'adu da na mutum, amsawar kaska tana da tushe a zahiri na ilimin halittar jiki.
A kashi na biyu na gwajin, an nemi mahalarta su yi wa kansu cakulkuli a lokaci guda da abokin tarayyarsu ya yi musu cakulkuli. A ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi, jin daɗin ya ragu kuma muryar ta yi jinkiri sosai, musamman lokacin da motsin kai ya kasance na gaske (ba kawai nuni a cikin iska ba). Wannan sakamakon yana goyon bayan hasashen hana motsin kai na tsakiya , yana nuna yadda kwakwalwarmu ke daidaita ƙarfin abin da muke ji akai-akai dangane da tushen taɓawa.
Duk waɗannan nazarin sun nuna cewa dariya da cakulkuli ke haifarwa ba wai kawai sha'awar jiki ba ce, amma kuma wani abu ne mai sarkakiya wanda ya haɗa da tunani, tsammani, yanayin zamantakewa, da kuma ikon da aka ba da na son rai . Jiki yana motsawa, fuska tana canzawa, numfashi yana canzawa, kuma muryar tana fitowa cikin kashi goma na daƙiƙa ɗaya.
Idan muka kalli wannan wasanin gwada ilimi tare—kunnawa na somatosensory cortex, rawar da tsarin limbic da hypothalamus ke takawa, mahimmancin wasa, hana martanin motsa kai, da kuma dogaro da yanayin motsin rai—kauri zai daina zama abin sha'awa mai sauƙi kuma ya zama taga mai kyau ga yadda kwakwalwarmu ke haɗa taɓawa, motsin rai, da alaƙa da wasu . Ba wai kawai yana bayyana dalilin da yasa muke dariya lokacin da wani ya yi mana cakulkuli ba, har ma da yadda hulɗa ta jiki ke tsara alaƙarmu, yana taimakawa wajen daidaita damuwa, da kuma ƙarfafa jin daɗin kasancewa cikin ƙungiya.
