Mutanen zamaninsa suna kiransa sarkin masu fasaha da fasahar sarakuna. Don ƙarfin iyawa da ƙarfinsa, zurfin ilimi da kuzari mai mahimmanci, Peter Paul Rubens yana daya daga cikin fitattun al'adun Turawa na karni na XNUMX.
Peter Paul Rubens
Shahararriyar rayuwar Pedro Pablo Rubens ta kasance mai girma sosai cewa, tare da walƙiyar sunansa, mulkin Archduke Alberto da matarsa Isabel sun fara zama kamar babban lokaci. Tun daga nan, Rubens ya mamaye ɗayan wurare masu daraja a cikin duniyar sihiri na zanen. Pedro Pablo Rubens ya rayu daga 1577 zuwa 1640, lokacin da masana tarihi suka fi sani da Counter-Reformation, kamar yadda aka siffanta shi da farfaɗowar Cocin Katolika, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari don murkushe tasirin Reformation na Furotesta.
Lokaci ne da ake gwabza kazamin fada, a lokacin ne ruhin dan Adam da hankali suka yi babban ci gaba, amma kuma an san shi da kwadayi da rashin hakuri da rashin tausayi da babu kamarsa. A cikin shekarun da Rubens ya rayu, masana kimiyya irin su Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler da William Harvey sun canza ra'ayin mutum game da duniya da sararin samaniya tare da ayyukansu, kuma masanin lissafi da masanin falsafa René Descartes sun dogara ga ikon tunanin mutum, wanda ya dogara da ikon tunanin mutum. ya yi tasiri sosai a tunaninsa.
Amma wannan karni kuma yana da gefen duhu. “Mayya farautar mayya”, wani yanki mai ban mamaki na kishin addini, wanda ya gauraye da makauniyar tsatsauran ra'ayi da camfi, ya mai da ƙarni na XNUMX da na XNUMX ya zama babban abin tsoro: a faɗin Turai, dubban mutane, maza da mata, sun ƙare rayuwarsu a kan gungume. a matsayin ladabtar da cewa sun aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da dabi'a.
Inquisition, wanda aka farfado daga tsakiyar zamanai, ya yi bincike sosai don gano abokan gaba na Cocin Roman, wanda babu makawa ya kai ga kisan jama'a da azabtar da mutanen da ake zargi da bidi'a. Yaƙe-yaƙe na addini, ɗaya bayan ɗaya, sun lalata zaman lafiya da aka kafa a Turai. Mafi lalata duka, mai shekaru talatin, ya mamaye Jamus a cikin shekarun da Rubens ya sami nasarar ƙirƙirarsa mafi girma.
Pedro Pablo Rubens mahaifarsa, Netherlands, ya wargaje a tsawon rayuwarsa ta gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai daga Spain. Ya fara shekaru goma kafin haihuwarsa kuma ya ƙare shekaru takwas bayan mutuwarsa. Yana da wuya a yi tunanin cewa Rubens zai iya zana hotunansa masu ban sha'awa, gay a cikin irin wannan zamanin mai duhu, lokacin da tashin hankali da lalacewa suka yi nasara a ko'ina.
Asalin kuruciya da kuruciya
Yuni 28, 1577 Maria Peypelinks an sake shi daga nauyin yaro na shida. Sunansa Bitrus Bulus. A lokacin, Jan da Maria Rubens sun zauna a Siegen, a lardin Westphalia na Jamus. Shekaru tara kafin haihuwarta, Jan da Maria sun gudu daga garinsu na Antwerp don tsoron tsanantawa na addini. Mahaifin mai zane ya yi karatun lauya a Roma da sauran garuruwan Italiya. Ya koma garinsu aka nada shi dan majalisar birni. Shekaru da yawa ya yi waɗannan ayyuka masu mahimmanci.
Ko da yake Jan ya kasance mabiyin Cocin Roman Katolika a koyaushe, daga baya ya ji tausayin koyarwar Furotesta na John Calvin (1509-1564), wadda ake ɗauka a matsayin karkatacciyar koyarwa a ƙasar da sarkin Katolika na Spain ke iko da shi. Jan Rubens da iyalinsa sun gudu daga Flanders zuwa birnin Cologne, zuwa kotun William na Orange, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da Silent. A can ya zama mai kula da matar Wilhelm, Anne na Saxony, kuma daga baya masoyinta.
Ba a jima ba kotu ta gano soyayyar su. Bisa ga dokokin Jan Rubens, ana jiran kisa. Amma Mariya ta yi yaƙi don a sake ta. Ta biya kudi domin a sake shi a matsayin beli, har ma ta nemi jin ta bakin yariman sau biyu, inda ta kare mijinta. Wasikun da ya rubuta zuwa gidan yari hujjoji ne masu gamsarwa na ibadar mace. A cikin su ta roki mijinta kada ya karaya kuma ta tabbatar masa cewa ta yafe masa tuntuni.
Bayan shekaru biyu na koke, Maria iya samun hanyarta, a 1573 Jan aka saki daga kurkuku a kan beli, kuma ma'auratan sun sami takardar izinin zama a ƙaramin garin Siegen. A cikin 1579 Jan an ba shi izinin komawa Cologne kuma a ƙarshe, a cikin 1583, ya sami cikakkiyar gafara. Duk da rikice-rikice na gudun hijira da rashin lafiyar mahaifinsa, yanayi mai kyau, kwanciyar hankali da cikakkiyar jituwar iyali sun yi mulki a cikin gidan da Pedro Pablo Rubens ya girma.
A cikin wasiƙunsa na baya, zai tuna da Cologne a matsayin birnin da ya yi farin ciki da ƙuruciyarsa. Rubens ya iya fahimtar kyawawan halaye na iyayensa. Daga mahaifiyarsa ya gaji halinsa na kirki da daidaitacce, iya soyayya da aminci, da kuma, watakila, halin kishi na lokaci da kudi. Daga mahaifinsa, fara'arsa mai sauri da sauƙi. Jan Rubens da kansa ya sadaukar da kansa ga ilimin ɗansa kuma ya ba da ƙauna marar karewa ga kimiyya da wallafe-wallafe.
Har ila Maria tana da wasu dukiya a ƙasarta ta Antwerp, saboda haka ta yanke shawarar komawa can. Ta koma Katolika, ta sami izinin komawa tare da 'ya'yanta zuwa ƙasarsu ta haihuwa. Babu abin da ya hana shi yin haka, domin ya yi nasarar sulhunta danginsa da Cocin Katolika. Wataƙila ba ta taɓa yin imani da addinin Furotesta na mijinta ba, kodayake ’ya’yansu biyu, Philip da Pedro Pablo Rubens, sun yi baftisma a bikin Lutheran.
Jami'in diflomasiyyar Italiya Lodovico Guicciardini ya bar bayanin Antwerp a lokacin farin ciki. Akwai makarantu biyar a birnin, masu fasaha da yawa suna zama a wurin, kuma akwai injin buga littattafai da Christopher Plantin ya kafa a shekara ta 1555. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyau a Turai kuma an san shi don kyawawan samfuran sa da ingantaccen bitar kimiyya. Amma da shigar sojojin Spain a cikin kasar a shekara ta 1566, Holland ya zama gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yaki shekaru da yawa.
A gefe guda kuma, Mutanen Espanya, a daya bangaren, Lardunan United, wadanda suka yi yaki don kwato 'yancinsu. Sieges, fadace-fadace, fashi da makami, rashin sa'ar da ba za a iya bayyanawa ba - wannan shine sakamakon wadannan shekarun bakin ciki. A shekara ta 1576, shekara guda kafin haifuwar Pedro Pablo Rubens, Antwerp ta faɗa hannun sojojin Spain na tawaye. An kona dukkan unguwannin, dubban mutane sun mutu. Wadannan ta'asa sun haifar da mummunan suna na "fushin Mutanen Espanya." Antwerp ya sha wahala fiye da sauran biranen Holland duka daga karkiyar Mutanen Espanya da kuma tawaye da aka yi masa.
Lokacin da Maria Rubens ta dawo gida tare da 'ya'yanta a shekara ta 1587, halin da ake ciki a ƙananan ƙasashe ya daidaita bisa ga rarraba tsakanin larduna masu zaman kansu a arewa. A lokacin da Pedro Pablo Rubens ya fara isa Antwerp, birnin yana cikin wani yanayi mai ban tausayi. Yawan jama'arta ya ragu zuwa 45.000, rabin abin da yake da shekaru ashirin da suka gabata.
An fara farfaɗo da birnin a hankali. Gwamnatin Spain ta mayar da Antwerp cibiyar hada-hadar kudi da kuma wurin tallafi don wadata dukkan bukatun sojojinta. An kuma farfado da rayuwar al'adu da ruhi na birnin. Ma’adinan na Plantin a ƙarshe ya murmure daga raguwar shekaru da yawa, kuma masu fasaha na Antwerp a ɗakin karatu nasu sun sake soma karbar umarni daga majami’u da cibiyoyin addini don su maye gurbin dukan abin da aka lalata a cikin shekarun ’yan tsagera da yaƙi.
Don haka, Pedro Pablo Rubens ya yi kuruciyarsa a wani birni wanda sannu a hankali ya koma rayuwarsa ta baya. Da farko, ya yi karatu a makarantar Rombuth Verdonk, masanin kimiyya mai suna, wanda ya ci gaba da tsara tunani da dandano na yaron a cikin sawun mahaifinsa Jan Rubens. A can, Pedro Pablo ya sadu da wani yaro naƙasasshe, wanda ya girme shi shekaru da yawa, kuma wannan sanin ya kasance ƙaƙƙarfan abota ta rayuwa. Moretus jikan Plantin ne, kuma da shigewar lokaci ya zama shugaban mabubbuga na kakansa.
neman hanya
Mahaifiyarsa ta sanya shi na ɗan lokaci a matsayin shafi na Count Philippe de Lalen gwauruwa, Marguerite de Lin. Ta haka ne tafarkin saurayi daga dangi nagari mai karancin albarkatu ya fara farawa, don a karshe ya sami matsayi mai cancanta a cikin al'umma. Shafi mai ladabi tare da kyawawan halaye na iya dogara ga haɓaka, kuma tare da shekaru, matsayi mai mahimmanci da alhakin kowane mai daraja kuma, saboda haka, wani matsayi a cikin gwamnatin jihar. Wannan shine farkon shahararriyar sana'ar siyasa fiye da ɗaya.
Pedro Pablo Rubens ya koyi kyawawan dabi'un kotu a gidan Countess Lalen, amma ko da haka ya so ya zama mai zane-zane kuma bayan 'yan watanni ya rinjayi mahaifiyarsa ta cire shi daga hidimar ƙirƙira kuma ta sanya shi a matsayin koyan fasaha. Suna neman ubangidan da zai yarda ya kai shi taron bitarsa. Wannan shine Tobias Verhaert. Pedro Pablo ya koma gidansa. Malamin farko na Rubens ya kasance mai zanen wuri mai ban sha'awa: ya zana kananan ƙananan shimfidar wurare, wanda ko da yaushe akwai bukatar, amma Pedro Pablo ya kasa koyo da yawa daga gare shi.
Ba da da ewa ba, ya koma ɗakin studio na ƙwararren mai fasaha Adam van Noort, wanda ya yi koyi da shi na kusan shekaru huɗu. A cikin shekaru goma sha tara, Pedro Pablo ya sake canza malamai kuma ya zama dalibi na ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu fasaha na Antwerp, Otto van Veen. Mutum ne mai ilimi wanda yake da ɗanɗano mai kyau, ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun gungun masu fasaha na "Romantic" waɗanda suka taɓa yin karatu a Italiya, waɗanda ayyukansu suka cika da ruhin ɗan adam na Renaissance. Aikin Otto van Veen ya kasance mai tunani, mai ma'ana, amma kusan babu rayuwa.
Duk da haka, wannan mai zane yana da babban tasiri a kan ilimin kyawawan dabi'un Rubens, inda ya koya wa ɗalibinsa cikakken nazarin abubuwan da ke tattare da shi, yana ƙarfafa sha'awar sa ga abubuwan basira na sana'arsu na gama gari. Otto van Veen ya shahara musamman saboda iliminsa na alamomi - irin waɗannan hotuna na fasaha tare da taimakon abin da zai yiwu a gani a bayyane ra'ayoyin. Babban ilimin alamomin da aka tara a tsawon rayuwarsa ya bauta wa Rubens a matsayin man fetur wanda zai iya ƙone tunaninsa.
Bai kashe shi ba don isar da ra'ayoyinsa (ko na majiɓincinsa) a cikin tarin hotuna na gani. An aza harsashin wannan ilimin ne a cikin bitar wani malamin da ya saba sha'awa. Otto van Veen ya kasance abokin kirki na Rubens a duk rayuwarsa.
Lokacin da Pedro Pablo Rubens ya cika shekaru ashirin da daya, an yarda da shi a matsayin babban malami a St. Luke's Guild, Antwerp Association of Artists and Craftsmen, wanda dattijo shine tsohon ubangidansa, Adam van Noort. Ko da yake har yanzu bai sami nasa ɗakin studio ba kuma ya ci gaba da aiki tare da Otto van Veen na tsawon shekaru biyu, yanzu an ba shi izinin ɗaukar ɗalibai, wanda ya yi, ya ɗauki Deodatus Del Monte, ɗan maƙerin azurfa na Antwerp, a matsayin almajirinsa. .
An san kadan game da aikin Rubens a wannan lokacin. Babu shakka ya ji daɗin babban suna, in ba haka ba da ba ya da ɗalibai. A wannan lokacin, mahaifiyarsa ta riga ta ajiye yawancin zane-zanensa, yayin da ta yi magana da girman kai a cikin wasiyyarta. Amma akwai kawai aiki daya sanya hannu a duk wadannan shekaru: cikakken hoto na wani saurayi, wanda fuskarsa, fentin da m hannu, alama da rai.
A cikin shekara ta ƙarshe na zama Rubens tare da Van Veen, ɗakin studio ya sami wani kwamiti mai ban mamaki: kayan ado na mazaunin Antwerp don liyafar sabbin sarakunan Netherlands, Archduke Albert da Archduchess Elizabeth. Tun lokacin sarakunan Burgundian, a cikin dukkan manyan biranen Netherlands, al'adar ta haɓaka don shirya gagarumin liyafar zamantakewa ga sarakunansu, wanda ake kira "shiga mai farin ciki".
Daga ra'ayi na ci gaban al'adu, mulkin Albert da Elizabeth sun haɗu da dukansu tare da babban Renaissance. A cikin wannan 'zamanin zinare', ko kuma a ma'anar 'hasken zinariya' na fasahar Flemish, Rubens an ƙaddara ya taka rawar gani.
A halin yanzu, a Jami'ar Auven da ke kusa da Brussels, ɗan'uwansa Philip ya zama abin so ga babban ɗan adam Justus Lipsius kuma a hankali ya sami suna a matsayin masanin kimiyya na gargajiya. Wataƙila Pedro Pablo ya ci gaba da tuntuɓar sa, yana neman shawara da taimako koyaushe. Ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga harshen Latin kuma bai rasa sha'awar duniyar zamanin da ba. Babu makawa, sau da yawa ya mai da kallonsa ga Roma, wannan kyakkyawan birni na har abada wanda, kamar magnet, ya jawo hankalin dukan masu fasaha da masana kimiyya.
Zuwa Italiya don ƙwarewa
Masu fasahar Dutch na lokacin sun gamsu cewa hasken fasaha na gaskiya ya fito ne kawai daga Italiya. A nan ne kawai za a iya fahimtar ainihin asirin fasaha. Dukansu sun ɗauka cewa ya zama wajibi su yi tafiya ta tsaunukan Alps. Masu sha'awar kayan ado na Italiyanci ba su san al'adun tsohuwar masanan Flemish ba, ban da van Eyck, van der Weyden ko Memling. Masu fasaha na Holland sun kasance suna yin wannan tafiya sau ɗaya a rayuwarsu, amma sau da yawa sun zauna a Italiya na shekaru da yawa, don haka zamansu a wannan ƙasa ya sa su kasance masu arziki.
A cikin Mayu 1600, Pedro Pablo Rubens, kafin ya kai shekaru ashirin da uku, ya tafi Italiya. Ya kasance matashi, kyakkyawa kuma mai ilimi sosai. Ya san Turanci, Mutanen Espanya, Faransanci, Italiyanci da Latin. Difloma ta mai zane daga San Lucas Guild da jakar mahaifiyarta ta taimaka mata ta yarda da tauraruwarta. Wataƙila, Pedro Pablo yana da wasu shawarwari masu mahimmanci tare da shi. Ba a san su ba, amma ƙarfinsa mai tasiri ya bayyana a fili: a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1600, ya kasance a Florence a bikin auren Marie Médicis ga Sarkin Faransa, kuma a ƙarshen shekara ya shiga hidimar ma'aikata. kotun Mantua.
Rubens ya gano taska a cikin tarin Duke. Tarin dangin Gonzaga yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun a Italiya. Akwai ayyukan Bellini, Titian, Palma the Elder, Tintoretto, Paolo Veronese, Mantegna, Leonardo da Vinci, Andrea del Sarto, Raphael, Pordenone, Correggio, Giulio Romano. Rubens yayi kwafin Titian, Correggio, Veronese. Ya zama al'ada ga masu tarawa na wancan lokacin don musayar kwafi: in babu ainihin, aƙalla mutum zai iya sha'awar tunaninsa.
Gonzaga ya gamsu da aikin Rubens kuma nan da nan ya aika da matashin maigidan zuwa Roma don yin kwafin manyan zane-zane. A cikin wasika zuwa Cardinal Montaletto, majibincin fasaha, Duke ya nemi kariya "ga Pedro Pablo Rubens, Flemish, mai zane na." A Roma, Pedro Pablo ya ji daɗin damar da za a iya sanin abubuwan da suka kirkiro na manyan mashahuran da suka sanya Roma wurin aikin hajji: Raphael da Michelangelo.
Duban ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu fasaha har ma da kwafin su, zaku iya ɗaukar mafarkai masu ban mamaki, amma idan kuna son yin nasara, dole ne ku fenti kanku. Koyaya, mai zane yana buƙatar umarni. Ta hanyar daidaituwar farin ciki, Pedro Pablo Rubens ya karɓi odar hotunan bagadi guda uku a ɗakin sujada na Santa Elena na Cocin Mai Tsarki Cross na Urushalima a Roma.
Wannan aikin ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har yau, kodayake, ba shakka, ya tsufa sosai daga lokacin da ba shi da iyaka. Amma har yanzu yana nuna ikon tunaninsa da fasaha da mai zane ya yi amfani da shi wajen kammala tsari. A tsakiyar bagaden, Rubens ya sanya Saint Helena, wannan adadi na gaske a cikin rigar gwal. A gefen dama na bagadin, yana wakiltar Kristi, wanda aka yi masa kambi na ƙaya, kuma a hagu, ginin Gicciye. A karo na farko, da ƙarfin hali ya yi amfani da kwarewar Italiyanci.
A bayyane yake cewa har yanzu yana shakka: zane mai ƙarfi na Michelangelo, mai ban mamaki mai launi na Tintoretto. Bugu da ƙari, har yanzu yana cikin takura da tunanin Flanders. Amma, duk da wannan, aikin ya cancanci kulawa. Rubens ya wuce matakin magoya bayan Flemish a Italiya. Bayan kammala oda na Church of Holy Cross Rubens ya koma Mantua, inda a cikin Maris 1603 Duke ya danƙa masa wani muhimmin aiki mai mahimmanci - don canja wurin kyaututtuka masu tsada daban-daban ga Sarkin Spain.
Kyaututtukan sun ƙunshi karusar da aka yi da kyau tare da dawakai shida, sabbin kayan wasan wuta masu ban sha'awa, turare da turare a cikin tasoshin masu daraja, da kwafin zane-zane da yawa, duk da haka, ba ta Rubens kansa ba, amma ta shahararrun mashahuran Rome. An yi niyya na ƙarshe a matsayin kyauta ga firaministan sarki kuma wanda aka fi so, Duke na Lerme, wanda ya zama majiɓincin waliyi na fasaha. Rubens ya kasance da kansa ya raka kyaututtukan kuma ya tabbatar da isar da su a kan kari ga sarki da wazirinsa.
Tafiya zuwa Spain
Tafiya zuwa Spain, ba ta da sauƙi. Hanyar ta bi ta cikin tsaunuka, haka ma, ya yi tafiya mai tsawo na teku, kuma Rubens ba shi da isassun kudaden da aka ware masa. Ambaliyar ruwa a Florence ta jinkirta balaguron nasa na kwanaki da yawa, kuma ya fuskanci matsaloli sosai wajen hayar jirgin ruwa. Bayan 'yan makonni bayan haka, ya iya ba da rahoton zuwansa lafiya a kotun masarautar Spain tare da duk kyaututtukan da ke cikin cikakkiyar aminci, gami da "dawakai masu haske da kyau."
Amma wani bala'i ya same shi lokacin da aka yi kwafin hotunan kayan. “A yau mun gano cewa zane-zanen sun lalace sosai har na fada cikin fidda rai. Da kyar nake da ikon dawo da su. Canvas ya kusan rube (kodayake duk akwatunan suna cikin akwatin zinc, sau biyu an nannade su da mayafi mai mai sannan a sanya su a cikin kirjin katako) Irin wannan yanayin bakin ciki nasu yana faruwa ne saboda ruwan sama da aka saba yi”.
An yi sa'a, gidan sarauta ya koma Castle na Aranjuez. Daga nan zai tafi Burgos. Sarkin ba zai koma Valladolid ba har sai Yuli. Watanni biyun nan dai Allah ne kawai. Pedro Pablo Rubens ya gyara kwalabe na Facchetti da suka lalace kuma ya maye gurbin ayyukan da suka lalace da zane guda biyu na aikinsa. Tun da yake an ba shi 'yancin zaɓar makirci, ya zana Heraclitus da Democritus don bambanci.
Wakilin Duke na Mantua a kotun Mutanen Espanya, wannan mutum mai girman kai wanda ya kiyaye duk ka'idoji, da kansa ya dauki nauyin mika kyautar ga sarki. Duk da haka, ya yarda Rubens ya kasance a wurin canja wurin hotuna zuwa Duke na Lerme. Duke ya bincika su da gamsuwa, yana kuskuren kwafi na asali. Rubens ya kasance mai dabara don ƙoƙarin shawo kansa. Hotunan Rubens na kansa sun sami yabo na musamman.
Bayan wani lokaci, ya karɓi umarni wanda ya ɗauke numfashinsa: zai zana hoton duke da kansa, yana zaune a kan doki. Rubens, mai shekaru 26, ya haskaka sosai da wannan aikin. Ya yanke shawarar zabar matsayi mafi wahala na Duke akan doki. Wannan hoton yana son ba kawai halin kansa ba, amma dukan kotun Spain. Bayan 'yan shekaru, shahararsa ta wuce iyaka, kuma wasu masu fasaha sun yi ƙoƙari su yi amfani da wannan abun da ke ciki da fasaha ta amfani da karkace mai girma (karuwa a hankali).
Saboda babban nasarar da ya samu, Rubens ya kasa kasa kunne ga buƙatun Duke na Mantua, yana ƙin zana hotunan kyawawan mata. A cikin wasiƙar da ya rubuta, ya nemi a ba shi uzuri daga tafiya zuwa Faransa don yin zanen kawata kotu a can; amma duk da haka, yana biyayya ga malaminsa, mai zane ya yi hotuna da yawa na kyawawan matan Mutanen Espanya yayin zamansa a Spain.
koma Italiya
A hanyar komawa Mantua, Rubens ya tsaya a Genoa, birnin da zai ziyarta fiye da sau ɗaya a nan gaba, kuma inda ya zana hotuna da yawa na manyan patricians na gida. Cika waɗannan umarni, Rubens ya nuna iyawarsa a matsayin mai zane wanda ya ƙaura da sauƙi daga addini zuwa zanen duniya, daga hotuna zuwa jigogi na tatsuniya. Shekara guda bayan dawowarsa daga Spain, Rubens ya sami nasararsa ta farko tare da zanen addini da aka yi nufin babban bagadi na cocin Jesuit a Genoa.
Rubens, daga baya a rayuwarsa, sau da yawa ya yi aiki ga Jesuits, yayin da yake sha'awar bangaskiyarsu mai kama da yaki da kuma kishin addini. A cikin zanen bagadinsa mai suna "Circumcision", Rubens ya sake komawa ga haɗuwa da ra'ayoyi daban-daban da aka gada daga wasu masu fasaha. Ana iya ganin babban buri na sama a cikin abun da aka tsara, wanda ya karɓa daga Correggio a cikin zane-zanensa a Cathedral na Parma.
Daga wannan ubangidan, ya aro ra'ayin gabatar da jaririn ta yadda haske ya fito daga gare shi. Yana binta da yawa ga Titian don wadatar launuka da kaurin layin. An halicci siffa mai daraja ta Uwargidanmu bisa ga wani mutum-mutumi na Romawa. Amma duk sun aro kuma sun karɓi ra'ayoyin da Rubens ya gabatar a cikin tsarin hangen nesa nasa. Mahaifiyarsa ta Allah ta haɗa gaskiyar ji tare da ingantaccen tsari wanda Ikilisiya ta dage akansa.
Tana cike da mutunci na al'ada, amma, da jin tausayin ɗan adam, ta juya baya don kada ta ga yadda Kristi ke shan wahala. Abin mamaki da ya yi yana jawo kallon mai kallo zuwa sama, zuwa inda ƴan duhun duhu suka yi tururuwa a kusa da wani ɗan ƙaramin jariri mai haske, zuwa wurin da hasken sama ke fitowa, da kuma wurin da tarin mala'iku suka taru. Wannan ita ce mafi girman magana a cikin fasahar zamanin Kiristanci na Katolika: duniyar mutum da duniyar sama, bayyane da ganuwa, suna da alaƙa da haɗin kai ta hanyar hadaya ta Allah.
Rubens ta tafiya ta Italiya don manufar ilimin kai, lokacin da yake hidimar Duke, ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru takwas. Ko da yake ba za a iya sake haifar da hanyoyinsa daidai ba, yana da lafiya a ce ya ziyarci Florence da Genoa, Pisa, Padua da Verona, Auca da Parma, Venice akai-akai, watakila Urbino, amma tabbas Milan, inda ya yi zanen fensir na zanen " Jibin Ƙarshe" na Leonardo da Vinci. Ya kuma zauna a Roma sau biyu na dogon lokaci. Ƙananan masu fasaha na wancan lokacin zasu iya yin alfaharin sanin Italiya fiye da Rubens.
Wasiƙunsa na wannan lokacin an rubuta su cikin fayyace kuma daidaitaccen Italiyanci, kuma ya sanya hannu kan su "Pietro Paolo" kamar yadda ya sanya hannu har tsawon rayuwarsa. Shekarun da aka kashe a Italiya sun cika ba kawai tare da aikin zane-zane na bagadin ga majami'u na Roman, Mantuan da Genoese ba, har ma a kan hotuna ("Hoton kai da abokai daga Mantua", 1606, Wallraf Richartz Museum, Cologne; "Marquise Brigida Spinola". Doria", 1606-07, National Gallery, Washington), amma kuma nazarin ayyukan tsohon sassaka, Michelangelo, Titian, Tintoretto, Veronese, Correggio da Caravaggio.
Kamar yawancin matasa masu fasaha na zamaninsa, Rubens ya nemi sababbin hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da binciken da magabata suka yi. Da farko dai sai da ya yi nazari har ma da dabarar duk wani abu da aikinsa zai iya koyarwa dangane da tsari, launi da fasaha na hoto. Ya zuwa wani matsayi, girmansa na gaba yana bayyana ta hanyar iyawar sa na iya haɗa tasiri iri-iri da mara misaltuwa, na da da na zamani, da ginawa a kan wannan haɗakar hangen nesa nasa na fasaha.
Sirrin hazakarsa da ba ta misaltuwa ita ce zage-zage da yaɗuwar yanayin rayuwa da motsi na dindindin. Daga cikin dukkanin tasirin da ke tsara jagorancin fasahar Italiyanci a wannan lokacin, watakila mafi mahimmanci da rikici shi ne aikin Caravaggio (1573-1610), wani hadadden, mai ban sha'awa, kusan wanda ba a iya sarrafa shi ba, wanda ya kasance a zenith na shahararsa lokacin Rubens. farko ya isa Roma. Caravaggio, wanda ya fito daga arewacin Italiya, ya girmi Rubens shekaru hudu kawai.
Rubens ya san zane-zane na Caravaggio, amma yana da wuya cewa waɗannan masu fasaha sun hadu. Duk da haka, Rubens ya burge da zane-zanensa, har ma ya yi kwafi da yawa daga cikinsu. Mawallafin Italiyanci ya kasance gwani a cikin yin amfani da haske da inuwa, ya san yadda za a iya gano ma'auni daidai a nan don mafi kyawun haskaka alkaluman, gabatar da rubutun a fili, daidai bayyana saman hoton.
Amma sama da duka a cikin aikin Caravaggio ya buge da gaskiyar sa, wanda ya wuce abin da masu fasahar zamaninsa suka yi ƙoƙarin ba da damar kansu. Caravaggio bai tsara halayen Littafi Mai-Tsarki ba a cikin zane-zane na addini, amma kawai ya zana mutane a cikin siffarsu. Don haka, a cikin shahararren zanensa "El Entierro", an ɗauke fuskokin Marias uku da Nikodimu kai tsaye daga rayuwar yau da kullun.
Amma gaskiyar Caravaggio, fasaha na mai zane, wasan haske da inuwa a kan kwalayensa sun kasance masu ban sha'awa sosai cewa sun yi tasiri sosai a kan fasahar fasaha na karni na 1560 a ko'ina cikin Turai. Sama da duka, Rubens ya gane dabarar wani ɗan wasan Italiyanci, ta kasance kusa da shi fiye da fasahar Caravaggio. Wannan mai zane ya juya ya zama masanin Bolognese Annibale Carracci (1609-XNUMX), wanda ya yi aiki a Roma a kan kyawawan kayan ado na Palazzo Farnese.
Carracci ya ƙirƙira hanyar yin saurin yin zane-zanen alli, wanda Rubens ya karbe shi nan da nan. Salon Carracci ya bambanta sosai da na Caravaggio. Ya yi wa'azin ra'ayi na gargajiya kuma an bambanta abin da ya rubuta ta hanyar girman sassaka tare da tunani iri-iri na abubuwan gargajiya. Rubens yayi la'akari da irin wannan ra'ayi na kai don dacewa da tsarin nasa na halitta.
Tabbas, kaɗan daga cikin ayyukan farko na Rubens a Italiya sun tsira har yau. Amma kwanan nan an gano zanen nasa "Hukuncin Paris", wanda ya kasance daga wannan lokaci na rayuwarsa. Cike da buguwa da ƙawa na tsohuwar sassaka da zanen Renaissance, matashin mai zane ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi a cikin wannan zanen abin da ya fi ƙarfinsa.
Wannan wani babban zane ne da ke nuna tsiraicin alloli guda uku da aka jera domin nuna kyawun su a “gasar”. Ƙididdigansa suna da tasiri sosai ga mai kallo. Abun da ke ciki yana da asali sosai, amma ɗan banƙyama. Yanayin yanayin, duk da haka, yana da taka tsantsan na waƙa, har ma da nasa lahani na zanen yana nuni zuwa ga ɓoye.
Wataƙila a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1605, Rubens ya ji ta bakin ɗan’uwansa Philip na Netherlands, wanda ya zo Roma don samun digirin digirgir. Ƙarfin sha'awar komawa Italiya ya sa Philip ya ƙi samun gadon kujerar shahararren malaminsa Justus Lipsius a Jami'ar Leuven. Rubens ya yi nasarar shawo kan majiɓincinsa mai karimci cewa yana bukatar ya ƙware a kan iliminsa a Roma, kuma a ƙarshen shekara ta 1605 ’yan’uwa sun yi hayar gida tare da bayi biyu a Via della Croce kusa da Matakan Mutanen Espanya.
Zaman Rubens na biyu a Roma ya fi na farko tsayi sosai. Ya kasance tare da taƙaitaccen katsewa na kusan shekaru uku, yawancin abin da aka sadaukar don nazarin zane-zane da zamanin da. A cikin mutumin Philip, Rubens ya sami ƙwararren masani na gaske akan tarihin d ¯ a Roma.
Bukatunsa sun kasance tun daga tsoffin duwatsu masu daraja zuwa gine-gine na zamani, daga kwafin mutum-mutumi na gargajiya a cikin takarda zuwa zane-zane na abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwar yau da kullun, daga rikitattun rukunan fadojin Romawa zuwa yanayin makiyayan da ke kewaye da Roma da rugujewar soyayya na Palatine. Ya gudanar da haɓaka ingantaccen ƙwaƙwalwar gani na gani.
A cikin kaka na 1606, ya samu daya daga cikin mafi m umarni daga Roma: zanen babban bagaden coci na Santa Maria, wanda aka kawai gina ga Oratorians a Wallisellen, ko, kamar yadda Romawa har yanzu kira shi. sabuwar coci. Aikin bai kasance mai sauƙi ba. Wurin bagadin yana da tsayi da kunkuntar, kuma ubannin Orator sun so su wakilci aƙalla tsarkaka shida a cikin zanen.
Ilimi na d ¯ a Roma ya ƙarfafa sha'awar Rubens ga wannan tsari. Daga cikin waliyai da ake zato akwai shahidai, ciki har da Saint Domitilla, wata mace mai daraja kuma ’yar autan sarkin Roma, wadda kwanan nan aka gano kayayyakinta masu tsarki a lokacin tona katakwas na Romawa.
Rubens ya zana wa annan tsarkaka da kulawa mafi girma, yana nuna Paparoma Gregory mai girma a cikin manyan riguna masu ban sha'awa, kuma ya ba wa Saint Domitilla hoton sarauta zalla, yana nuna mata da gashin zinare, cikin rigar satin mai kyalli, an yi mata ado da lu'ulu'u. Yadda ya ji bacin rai sa’ad da aka kafa bagadi. Hasken haske daga hasken da ya haskaka ya sanya hoton kusan ba zai iya gani ba. Sa'an nan ya zana wani sabon bagadi a kan allo don rage haske.
A cikin kaka na 1608, Rubens ya sami labari daga Antwerp cewa mahaifiyarsa ba ta da lafiya sosai. Ba tare da sanar da Duke na Mantua ba, ba tare da jiran buɗewar bagadinsa a cikin Sabon Cocin ba, ya tashi tafiya mai nisa zuwa gida. Gaskiya bai yi tsammanin zai dade ba, amma bai gargadi sakatariyar Duke ba cewa zai yi kokarin dawowa da wuri. Koyaya, lokacin da a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1608, mai zanen kotun Flemish na Duke na Mantua ya bar Roma, bai ɗauka cewa wannan ita ce tafiya ta ƙarshe zuwa Italiya ba.
Zuwan gida
Pedro Pablo Rubens ya yi gaggawar banza: Maria Peypelinks, gwauruwar Jan Rubens, ta mutu. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, ya huta cikin madawwamiyar barci, kuma bisa ga nufin mamacin, an binne gawarsa a cikin dakin kwana na St. Michael. Rubens ya mutu sosai saboda mutuwar mahaifiyarsa. Don tunawa da mahaifiyarsa, Pedro Pablo ya sanya a cikin kabarin "mafi kyawun iyaye mata" a matsayin abin tunawa da wani babban bagadi mai ban sha'awa wanda ya halitta, wanda ya tsara shi don Sabuwar Cocin kuma wanda ya ɗauki mafi kyawun halittarsa a lokacin.
Wasu tsofaffin abokai sun sa shi ya tafi Brussels kuma a can sun gabatar da mai zane a kotu, Infanta Isabel da Archduke Albert. Rubens masu hazaka da ilimi sun zo kotu. Ba da daɗewa ba ya sami lakabin mai zanen kotu, alawus na shekara-shekara na guilders dubu goma sha biyar, kuma, a matsayin alamar kulawa ta musamman, sarkar zinariya. Bayan da ya yi rantsuwar mubaya'a ga Albert da Elizabeth, Rubens duk da haka ya dauki alhakinsa na taimakawa wajen farfado da kasarsa. Sha'awarta ce mai zafi.
Archduke da matarsa sun fi sarakunan Spain ƙwazo. Ba abin mamaki ba ne, a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa, ƙasar ta shiga cikin sabon yanayin jinƙai. Kiristocin Katolika da ake tsanantawa suna tururuwa zuwa Brussels daga kowane bangare, suna da tabbacin za su sami kariya da tallafi a nan. Ana gina gidajen ibada, ana gina coci-coci. Cocin Katolika da kotu sun san sarai cewa iko da bangaskiya suna buƙatar halo, manyan haikali, mutummutumai da zane-zane. Kuma a nan Rubens ba za a iya maye gurbinsa ba.
Sabuwar hanyar zanen sa, mai ƙarfi da mai tabbatar da rayuwa, sha'awarsa ta cika zane da motsi mai arziƙi da guguwa sihiri masu son fasaha. Babu karancin umarni. A cikin aikinsa Rubens ya zana ma'auratan sarauta sau da yawa. Ya bayyana Archduke a matsayin mutum mai kishin gaske kuma mai mutunci, wanda babu shakka yana matukar mutunta shi kuma ya nuna godiya a gare shi; a ƙarshe, Alberto ya ba shi umarni na farko a rayuwarsa don fentin bagadi a Roma.
Amma ya nuna babban sadaukarwa ga Archduchess, girmamawa da ƙauna wanda ya girma tsawon shekaru. Hotunansa na baya, wanda Rubens ya zana tare da tausayawa da fahimta, suna taimaka mana mu lura da duk kyawawan halaye da halaye masu kyau a fuskarsa mai ban sha'awa da kyan gani, wanda aka yi da isasshiyar al'ada.
Tsawon shekaru bayan nadin da Rubens ya yi a matsayin mai zanen kotu, ba wai kawai ya gudanar da aikin da aka ba shi a kotu ba, wato ya zana hotunan sarakuna da kuma yin zanen ado na fadoji da majami'u, amma kuma bai manta ba. karbi umarni daga sauran abokan ciniki, duka daga Mutanen Espanya Netherlands da kasashen waje. Masu fasaha na kotu sun kasance suna da masauki a ciki ko kusa da fadar da ke Brussels, amma Rubens ya sami 'yancin zama a Antwerp. Kamar yadda ya rubuta wa abokinsa a Roma: "Ba na so in sake zama mai shari'a."
Ba a san yadda Rubens ya yi nasarar dagewa da kansa ba, tun a cikin karni na XNUMX ba shi da sauƙi don cimma matsayi na musamman tare da masu mallakarsa. Duk da haka, akwai tabbataccen shaida cewa a duk rayuwarsa Rubens ya san yadda za a hada kyawawan halaye da ladabi tare da kyakkyawar juriya a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi aikinsa na gaba. Wataƙila ikonta na samun nasarar warware al'amuranta bayan 'yan shekaru ya jagoranci Archduchess mai karɓa don amfani da gwanin fasaha a matsayin jami'in diflomasiyya. Ta haka ne aka fara sabon aikin diflomasiyya na Rubens.
Rayuwa ta sirri da ayyuka
A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1609, ya auri Isabella Brandt, mai shekaru goma sha takwas, 'yar magatakarda na birnin. Mawaƙin ya sayi wani katafaren gida a kan titin Watter, wanda yanzu ke ɗauke da sunansa. A cikin lambun, ya gina rotunda mai gilashi, inda yake baje kolin ayyuka da kuma adana tarin abubuwa. Rubens ya yi bikin aurensa ta hanyar zana hoto biyu na wata fara'a da ba kasafai ba.
Shi da Isabella, rike da hannaye, suna zaune a gefen wani daji mai yaduwa na honeysuckle. Ta bugi wani tuggu mai rarrafe, kafa ɗaya cikin siliki ta safa a kan ɗayan; Kusa da shi ta zauna kan stool, gefen rigar ta na kayan alatu ta baje. Hannun da aka haɗa su suna tsakiyar abun da aka haɗa. Dukansu suna kallon jama'a da farin ciki mai ƙarfi. Su duka biyun lafiyayyu ne, masu kyan gani, samari sanye da kyau, sun gamsu da rayuwa da juna.
Wannan zane ne mai ban sha'awa wanda ba shi da alaƙa da hoto na yau da kullun na miji da mata, wanda ya kasance mai tsauri a baya. Rubens ba ya fenti irin wannan kafin da kuma bayan. Dalibai da dama ne ke aiki a shagonsa, amma ana neman ƙarin ɗaukan su. Ranar aiki na Rubens an cika ta zuwa baki. Ayyukansa na yau da kullun yana da tsauri. Karfe hudu na safe ya tashi ya fara aiki. Shortan hutu don abincin rana da komawa bakin aiki. Yi aiki tare da cikakken sadaukarwa.
Alkalin kotun Antwerp yana shirin yin ado da zauren garin. Wasu masu fasaha biyu, Rubens da Abraham Janssens, an umurce su da su yi wa sabon zauren lacca na Jiha da aka gyara. Rubens yana yin "Adoration na Magi." Wannan wata kyakkyawar dama ce don nuna wa ƴan ƙasa abin da kuka koya yayin dogon zaman ku a Italiya. Abin farin ciki, girman akwatin da aka umarce shi yana da girma. A nan ne marhalar ibada ta budo.
Mutane a cikin tufafi masu ban sha'awa, dawakai, raƙuma, kyautai masu kyau, jikin tsoka, wutan wuta - duk abin da ke taimakawa ga girman hoton. Bakin duhu tare da bambanci mai ƙarfi yana jaddada sassan haske na zane. A cikin wannan, babu shakka, echoes na tunanin Italiyanci suna sauti, kuma mafi daidai, tasirin Caravaggio. Ba da daɗewa ba ya karɓi odar da ake so. Bisa roƙon abokinsa Cornelis van der Geest, magatakarda da misalan majami'ar Sint-Walburg sun umurce shi da ya ƙirƙiri babban tudu don ƙawata babban bagadi.
Tare da kuɗin da ake bayarwa don yin aiki, dukan iyali za su iya rayuwa cikin kwanciyar hankali na shekaru da yawa. Rubens yana fenti The Rising of the Cross, wanda ke haifar da jin daɗi. A cikin Adoration na Magi, a tsaye a cikin nasa makirci, motsi ya kasance aiki na biyu ga mai zane. A cikin Rising of the Cross, da bambanci, makircin yana aiki. Duk da haka, bai kamata a nemi motsi a cikin filaye mai faɗin matsayi ko na riɓaɓɓen tufafi ba. A kwance da kuma tsaye na hoton suna tsaye, amma diagonal suna cike da kuzari.
A cikin wannan aikin mara iyaka, komai yana ci gaba da tafiya. Kuma akwai farin ciki a cikin komai. Wannan shi ne farin cikin rai marar mutuwa, sabanin mutuwa. Wannan ita ce ƙaunar rayuwa da ke canza komai, har ma da batun mutuwa. Kamar yadda Rubens ya hango, bayan ya koma Antwerp, lokacin farin ciki ne ga masu fasaha. A cikin shekaru masu albarka na zaman lafiya, daga 1609 zuwa 1621, Rubens ya zana bagadi don Cathedral na Antwerp da kuma ga dukan manyan majami'u na birni, na da da sababbi, da na haikalin lardin da ke kusa da Mechelen da Ghent.
ƙwararrun masu fasaha da yawa, waɗanda wasunsu ƙware ne, sun ba da gudummawa don ɗaukaka makarantar Antwerp ta zane-zane na lokacin. Baya ga Jan Brueghel, Franz Snyders ya yi aiki a wurin, mai zane wanda ya san yadda ake fentin dabbobi da fasaha. Ƙananan ƙarami shine Yakubu Iordan, wanda, kamar Rubens, yayi karatu tare da Adam van Noort. Ya zana hotuna masu kauri da ban sha'awa na rayuwar Flemish mai daɗi, da kuma al'amuran tatsuniyoyi masu kumbura tsirara. Daga cikin su akwai Anthony Van Dyck tare da bugun jini da sauri.
Jan Brueghel Rubens ya gane shi a matsayin babban yaya. Sun zana hotuna da dama tare. Rubens ya yi hulɗa da mutane da Bruegel tare da furanni na ado da 'ya'yan itace. A cikin Maris 1611, an haifi 'yar Pedro Pablo Rubens, wanda ake kira Clara Serena. Uban yarinyar shine ɗan'uwanta, Philip, wanda mutuwarsa kwatsam a cikin watan Agusta na wannan shekarar ya yi wa Rubens mummunan rauni. Bayan kwana sha biyar da rasuwa sai matar dan uwansa ta haifi da namiji. Wannan yaron, wanda kuma ake kira Philip, Pedro Pablo da Isabella sun rene shi.
Hotunan "Masu Falsafa Hudu" Rubens ne suka ƙirƙira har zuwa wani matsayi a matsayin abin tunawa na aboki da ɗan'uwa. Anan an nuna Justus Aipsius yana zaune a kan tebur a ƙarƙashin wani bust na Seneca; a kowane gefensa akwai manyan ɗalibai guda biyu: Jan Vowerius da Philip Rubens, kuma a bayansa, ba a matsayin mai shiga cikin tattaunawar ilimi ba, amma a matsayin ɗan kallo mai ban sha'awa, Pedro Pablo Rubens kansa.
Archduke baya manta mai zane daga Antwerp. A cikin 1613 ya ba da izini "The Assumption of Our Lady" don Cocin Notre Dame de la Chapelle a Brussels. A shekara mai zuwa, Isabella Brant ta haifi ɗa: Archduke ya yarda ya zama magajin yaron, wanda ake kira Albert. Harkokin cikin gida tare da Rubens sun yi nasara, kuma aikin fasaha na Pedro Pablo ya ci gaba da sauri.
Zanen bagadinsa, wanda aka yi a tsakanin 1611 zuwa 1614 don Cathedral na Antwerp, ya gamu da babban nasara. Mawaƙin ya ba da izini ga masu “arquebusiers”, ɗaya daga cikin ƴan uwantaka da yawa a cikin Netherlands, don ɗakin ɗakin sujada da aka ba shi don yin addu’a a wannan babban cocin. An nemi Rubens da ya zana trittich mai zane-zane guda hudu kawai: wani babban kwamiti mai “fuka-fuki” na gefe da ke kusa da shi a kan hinges, tare da hotuna a bangarorin biyu na Saint Christopher, wanda ya taɓa ɗaukar Kristi a haye kogin, yana nan a cikin hoton.
Rubens ya kwatanta Saint Christopher a cikin siffar giant Hercules tare da yaron Yesu, yana zaune a kafadarsa. Siffar hoton ta ci gaba a bayan bangarorin gefen, domin a iya fahimtar hoton gaba daya tare da rufe 'fuka'un' triptych. Babban hoton shi ne 'Descent from the Cross', a gefen hagu 'Kamfanin Kara', kuma a hannun dama 'Ayyuka a Haikali'. Addu'ar Ubangiji da Gabatarwa a cikin Haikali nau'ikan alheri ne da ba kasafai ba, fentin su da launuka masu dumi, har yanzu suna tunawa da tasirin mai zane daga Venice.
Amma tsakiyar panel "Descent from the Cross" yana nuna alamar 'yanci na Rubens daga dogara ga Italiyanci, a ciki muna lura da juyin halitta na launuka masu haske, wanda shine al'ada na zane-zane na Dutch. A kan gawar, a cikin folds na shroud, a kan ɗimbin mata, haske mai haske mai launin toka-fari, amber mai haske da launin kore-shuɗi sun bambanta da ja da launin ruwan kasa na al'ada na maza.
Siffar Almasihu matattu ya burge mai kallo. Shahararren mai zanen Ingila Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) ya rubuta cewa: “Wannan yana daya daga cikin kyawawan halayensa, lokacin da kamar an yi masa sihiri, kamar kafin wani abin al’ajabi, ya tsaya a gaban wannan zanen shekaru dari bayan bayyanarsa. Ƙullawar jiki duka yana ba mu irin wannan madaidaicin ra'ayi game da muhimmancin mutuwa wanda babu wanda zai iya shawo kan ta. A gaskiya ma, an kwatanta dukan "nauyin mutuwa" a nan, amma a cikin hoton kanta ba a jin nauyi.
Tare da kyawawan dabi'u masu ban mamaki, Rubens ya yi nasarar isar da lokacin da aka 'yantar da jiki daga gicciye, kafin ya zube a ƙarƙashin nauyinsa a cikin makamai masu karfi na St. John, wanda ke tsaye, yana buɗe hannunsa don karɓa. Hoton da ke hagu yana riƙe da hannun hagu na Kristi, kuma a dama da Nikodimu mai daraja, yana kama ƙarshen mayafin, ɗayan hannun yana goyon bayan jikinsa. Ta durkusa, Magdalena ta goyi bayan kafafunta da hannunta.
Zanen Rubens "Descent from the Cross" ya zama kalubale ga dukan masu fasaha, tun da yake yana buƙatar fasaha mai girma na fasaha, da kuma ikon haifar da motsin zuciyar da ya dace a cikin mai kallo. Amma Rubens's "Descent from the Cross," mafi girman halitta da ya taɓa yi, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan waɗanda har yanzu bai ƙirƙira ba, ya zama siffa mafi haƙiƙa, fiye da zuciya idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda maigidan ya zana nasa. wahayi.
Ga mutanen zamaninsa, ba kawai nasara ce ta launi, tsari da tsari ba; ya yi magana da magana maras karewa babban jigon imaninsa duka. Bayan ƴan shekaru, shahararsa ta yaɗu a yammacin Turai. Wannan zane ne ya sa Rubens ya zama babban mai zane-zane na addini a lokacinsa, yana nuna cikakken tunani a karon farko da tsananin zafin salon Baroque, wanda Peter Paul Rubens ya zama wanda ya kafa.
Rubens wani lokaci yana kama da dutsen mai aman wuta. Amma wani lokaci yanayin da ya daɗe da tashin hankali ya yi nasara, sannan ayyukan ya bayyana wanda a cikinsa ya bayyana yanayinsa na titanic. Irin wadannan su ne zanen farauta, wanda aka zana a cikin shekaru 1616-1618. Kusurwoyin Figures suna da ban mamaki, ƙungiyoyi suna da ban tsoro, dabbobi suna da ban tsoro. Babu masu nasara a cikin farautar zaki. Mutuwa ta rataya akan duk mahalarta. Tabbas, Rubens bai manta da aikin ba, guntu wanda ya kwafi a Italiya - "Yaƙin Anghiari" na babban Leonardo.
Amma, babu wani daga cikin magabata na Pedro Pablo Rubens da ya yi fentin zakoki, wolf da damisa a cikin irin wannan mawuyacin hali da ba zato ba tsammani. Shi kuwa dawakai, kodayaushe yana burge su. Ya halicci nau'in doki mai ma'ana: mai ƙunƙuntaccen kai, faɗaɗɗen dunƙule, ƙafafu masu juyayi, doguwar gudu, mai wutsiya mai kama da sultan, tare da filayen hanci da idanu masu zafi.
Ya yi amfani da siffar doki wajen tsara hotunansa, farauta, yaƙe-yaƙe, fage na addini; ya sadaukar da ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan waƙoƙi kuma, duk da makircin yaƙi, ɗayan ayyukansa masu jituwa: "Yaƙin Helenawa tare da Amazons". A cikin shekaru 1620-1621 Rubens fentin "Perseus da Andromeda". An sadaukar da ’yar Sarki Kefei Andromeda ga dodo. Mutuwarsa babu makawa. Amma ba zato ba tsammani, ɗan Danae da Zeus, Perseus, ya zo don taimakonsu. Yarinyar da mamaki ta godewa jaruma.
Mawallafin ya fassara sanannen makircin tatsuniyoyi a cikin harshen Flanders, ya kawo cikakkun bayanai game da ainihin rayuwar ƙasarsa, lokacinsa, don haka ya bayyana a cikin sabuwar hanyar abubuwan da ɗan adam ke cikin wannan tatsuniya. Gwaninta na launi da haske yana mamaye wannan zanen tare da al'ajabi da motsi. Rubens ƙwararren ƙwararren mai launi ne, kuma kodayake palette ɗinsa yana da kamewa sosai, yana samun mafita na zahiri.
Sarakuna da sarakuna da manyan masu hannu da shuni da masu hannu da shuni suna neman ayyukan da Rubens ya zana, amma sau da yawa sai sun gamsu da ayyukan da masu fasaha suka yi daga wurin bitarsa bisa ga zanen maigidan kuma kawai ya gyara su. Don haka akwai sabon "Adoration of Magi", wanda ba shi da wadata kuma a lokaci guda kuma ba shi da haske. Za a aika zuwa Mecheln, inda za ta yi ado da cocin St. Hakanan shine giant "Hukuncin Ƙarshe", wanda aka ƙaddara don babban bagadin cocin Jesuit a Neuburg. Wolfgang Wilhelm na Bavaria, Duke na Neuburg ne ya ba da izini.
A cikin 1620, burgomaster na Antwerp kuma abokin Rubens, Nicolae Rocox, wanda hotonsa ya zana ƴan shekaru baya, ya ba shi aiki don yin aiki ga Cocin Franciscan na Recoleta. Wannan shahararren zanen yanzu ana kiransa "La Lanzada". A ciki, wani sojan Roma ya soki gefen Kristi da mashi. Wasu ƴan ƙaramin rukuni na mutanen da ke kuka domin Kristi ne wasu dakaru masu hawa suka kori gefe daga wani ɗan ƙaramin sarari kusa da giciye uku da aka saka a kan akan akan.
Kusan lokaci guda, Rubens ya zana ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanen addini masu motsi, kuma ga Cocin Recoleta. An kira shi "Taron Ƙarshe na Saint Francis na Assisi". A cikin wannan zane, ya nuna fahimtar ƙauna ta ruhaniya ta sadaukar da kai. An gaji da azumi, Saint Francis yana samun goyon bayan sufaye da ke kewaye da shi; Siffar haskensa saboda sheɗaɗɗen fatar fatar baƙar fata tana haskakawa a bayan duhun rigunan, sa'ad da ya jingina da firist, ya ɗora idanunsa ya kalli Ubangiji a karo na ƙarshe.
Rubens dole ne ya zana batutuwan addini masu lada da yawa. Rayuwar iyali mai farin ciki tana nunawa a cikin zane-zane masu yawa na Sagrada Familia. Ya canza fuskar 'ya'yansa maza, Albert da Nikolaev, zuwa zane, kuma ya yi shi da babban kauna da delicacy, da sauƙin fahimtar su zane-zane, sa'an nan kuma maimaita da yawa ishãra da nuna hali na matasa: m, m, m ko m.
Amma dama mafi ban sha'awa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, Jesuits ne suka ba da ita. Ba wani abu ba ne face ƙawata babban sabon coci da ake ginawa a Antwerp don girmama mahaifinsa da ya kafa Ignatius na Loyola. An ba da Rubens don samar da kayan ado ga dukan coci - 39 zane-zane. Kafin wannan, ya riga ya zana bagadi biyu na manyan tsarkaka Jesuit biyu: Ignacio de Loyola da Francisco Javier. Daga baya kuma ya halicci na uku, akan maudu'in zato.
Dole ne mutum ya yi sauri ya kasance a kan lokaci tare da zane-zane na rufi a lokacin bikin da aka keɓe don ƙaddamar da waɗannan tsarkaka guda biyu a shekara ta 1622. Saboda haka, Rubens ya kula da ci gaban zane-zane kawai, abubuwan da suke ciki, kuma dalibansa sun kammala. su.. Sa'an nan maigidan zai kawo komai zuwa ga kamala tare da madaidaicin bugun jini. An kammala babban aikin a kan lokaci, kuma har tsawon ƙarni guda wannan cocin Jesuit ita ce ɗaukaka da ƙawa na dukan Antwerp. Abin baƙin ciki, a cikin 1718 ta yi mummunar lalacewa ta hanyar mummunar wuta.
Babu ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan Peter Paul Rubens da ya fi ƙwararren ƙwararren Anthony Van Dyck (1599-1641), wanda ya zama mashahurin guildmaster yana ɗan shekara sha tara. Ko da yake ya kasance ƙarami da Rubens shekaru ashirin da biyu, ya riƙe kusan abota kamar ɗansa da shi da matarsa har abada. Har a gidanta yake zama lokaci zuwa lokaci.
Rubens ya sha'awar aikin Van Dyck sosai, kuma masu fasaha biyu sun yi aiki sosai har tsawon shekaru biyu ko uku, a farkon aikin Van Dyck, har yanzu akwai rudani game da wanda ya zana abin a lokacin. Van Dijk ya bambanta kamar Rubens. Yana da ido ga mafi ƙanƙanta daki-daki, yana da wani yanayi na musamman na launi. Idan aka yi la'akari da zane-zanensa, ya kasance mai kula da yanayin shimfidar wuri, wanda ya kama shi a cikin zane-zane da yawa da aka yi da alkalami, tawada, alli, da kuma launin ruwansa.
Hotunan da ya yi kan batutuwan addini da tatsuniyoyi sun nuna duk asalin abin da ya rubuta da kuma zaƙi da zaƙi na zaƙi. Amma fiye da duka, Van Dyck ya bambanta kansa a cikin hotuna, kuma a cikin shekarun aikinsa ya halicci daruruwan su. Dukkansu suna cikin ciki da zurfin bincike na tunani.
A shekara ta 1620 Van Dyck ya bar Rubens da Antwerp don neman dukiyarsa a Ingila, inda aka ba shi tayin mai ban sha'awa don ya zama mai zanen kotu. Daga baya ya koma Italiya don kammala karatunsa a can. Bayan tafiyarsa, da alama Rubens ya dogara kaɗan ga mataimakansa don kammala zanen. Ya kasance mai dogaro da kansa a yanzu, hannunsa ya ɗauki irin wannan saurin sauri a cikin shekaru da yawa na horo na yau da kullun a Italiya, wanda ya fi sauƙi a gare shi ya hanzarta bayyana ra'ayoyinsa akan zane.
A sakamakon haɗin gwiwar Peter Paul Rubens tare da Bruegel, zane-zane goma sha biyu sun bayyana, daya daga cikinsu shine "Adamu da Hauwa'u a cikin Aljanna." Bruegel ya zana shimfidar wuri mai shuɗi-kore, yana raya shi da hotunan tsuntsaye da dabbobi. Rubens: kyawawan siffofi na Adamu da Hauwa'u. Rubens, a yanzu ba kawai mai zane-zane na bikin ba, amma har ma mai tarawa kuma masanin fasaha, yana da dangantaka mai karfi da sarakuna, bishops, prelates, da sauran mutane masu tasiri a ko'ina cikin Turai.
Wani bangare saboda abokan hulɗarsu da kuma wani ɓangare saboda halayensu na sirri, Archduke Albert da Archduchess Elizabeth sun yanke shawara mai mahimmanci da fatan cewa mai zane zai yi musu hidima a wani matsayi. Bayar da yabo ga basirarsa, juriya da ladabi, sun so su yi amfani da Rubens a karkashin sunan kyawawan abubuwan da suke so don gudanar da ayyukan diplomasiyya na sirri.
Mahukuntan Netherlands sun yaba da shawarar Rubens kuma sau da yawa suna ba da sabis na diflomasiyya mai laushi. Wasiƙunsa sun isar da faɗakarwa ta gaske game da halin da ake ciki a Turai da kuma wahalhalun da yaƙin da ake fama da shi ya jawo. A cikin Fabrairu 1622 jakadan Archduchess ya kira shi zuwa Paris, wanda ya gabatar da mai zane ga ma'aji na Marie de' Medici, abbot na Saint-Ambroise.
Uwar Sarauniya ta gama sulhu da danta. Ya zauna a cikin Fadar Luxembourg, wanda Salomón de Bross ya gina masa ƴan shekaru baya kuma wanda ya bar shekaru biyu da suka wuce. Yana so ya yi ado da gallery na fadar tare da zane-zane da ke kwatanta al'amuran rayuwarsa daban-daban. Daga baya, ta yi niyya don yin ado na biyu gallery tare da zane-zane da ke ɗaukaka rayuwar shahararren mijinta, Henry IV. Rubens yana da girma mai girma: an umurce shi ya yi ayyukan biyu.
Aikin Rubens ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba. Mariya ba ta kasance kyakkyawa ba, kuma rayuwarta ba ta da haske sosai, cike da abubuwa masu muhimmanci. Don gabatar da abubuwan da suka gabata na Maryamu a cikin mafi kyawun haske, Rubens a zahiri yana kewaye Sarauniya tare da alloli na Olympia, nymphs na ruwa da kofuna, ƙaddara, da kowane nau'in kyawawan halaye. Da taimakon irin wannan dabara, ba kawai ya girmama Maryamu da mugun fushinta ba, amma kuma ya bambanta sarakunan Faransanci a cikin tufafi masu ban sha'awa da alloli tsirara da aljanu, waɗanda yake son fenti sosai.
Bayan kammala jerin Medici, Rubens ya yi fatan nan da nan ya fara ƙirƙirar zane-zane don gallery na biyu a cikin Fadar Luxembourg. A cikinsu dole ne ya nuna rayuwar Sarki Henry IV, kyakkyawan hali da kuzari. Amma Rubens, baya ga wasu zane-zanen mai da wasu cikakkun zane-zane, ba za su iya ci gaba ba. Cardinal Richelieu mai ƙarfi, babban mai ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa ga ɗan Henry Louis XIII, ya ƙudura don hana ƙawance tsakanin Faransa da Spain, kuma, sanin tausayin Rubens, ba ya son mai zane ya ci gaba da zama a kotu.
Rubens ya ci gaba da aiki a kan "Asunción" lokacin da ba zato ba tsammani rayuwarsa mai farin ciki ta rushe. Shekaru uku da suka wuce, a shekara ta 1623, 'yarsa tilo, Clara Serena, ta rasu. Tana da shekara goma sha biyu kacal. Kuma a lokacin rani na 1626, bayan shekaru goma sha bakwai na farin ciki rayuwar aure Isabella Rubens ya mutu. Ba a san musabbabin mutuwarsa ba, amma an yi imani cewa ya mutu ne sakamakon annoba da ta mamaye Antwerp a lokacin bazara. Rubens ya nemi kwanciyar hankali a cikin aiki da addini. A cikin m shiru na Cathedral ya fentin "The Dormition of Our Lady", da kuma wannan zanen har yanzu rataye a wuri guda.
Pedro Pablo Rubens ya sake jefa kansa a cikin rami na ayyukan diflomasiyya. Ziyarci Ingila, Faransa, Spain. Haɗu da Charles I, Duke na Buckingham, Philip IV, Cardinal Richelieu. Yawancin zane-zane a kowace shekara suna fitowa daga ƙarƙashin goshinsa. Ya zana katon zane mai suna "Adoration of the Magi" a cikin kwanaki shida. Infanta Isabella yana ba shi manufa ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Yana ɗaukar manyan wasiku, sau da yawa asirce.
Rubens ya rubuta cewa: "Na sami kaina a cikin labyrinth tabbatacce, kewaye da dare da rana da damuwa da yawa." Yana taimakawa wajen gudanar da shawarwarin zaman lafiya tsakanin Ingila da Spain. Ya yi ganawar sirri tare da Carlos I, yayin da yake aiki a kan hotonsa. Aikin diflomasiyyarsa yana da matukar godiya: Carlos Na ba shi kyautar Knight na Golden Spurs kuma Felipe IV ya ba shi mukamin sakatare na majalisar masu zaman kansu. Amma duk da waɗannan lakabi da girmamawa, Rubens ya watsar da aikinsa mai wuya a matsayin wakilin diflomasiyya na sirri.
Ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1630, Pedro Pablo Rubens ya auri Helena Fourmen. Elena tana da shekaru goma sha shida a lokacin. Farar fata, m, fara'a, kamar gunkin arna, ita ce siffar mafarkan Rubens. Mai zane yana burge ta. Mai farin ciki, ya ƙunshi ƙarfin ƙauna ba tare da bata lokaci ba wanda ke cinye duk abin da ke cikin zane-zanensa. Kusan duk mafi kyawun rubuce-rubucen Rubens a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata an haskaka ta wannan tunanin.
Rashin jin daɗin aikin shari'a da ayyukan diflomasiyya, ya sadaukar da kansa gabaɗaya ga kerawa. Ƙwararren Rubens yana bayyana da kyau a cikin ƙananan ayyuka, wanda aka yi da kansa. Siffar wata matashiya matar zama leitmotif na aikinsa. Maƙasudin kyakkyawa mai farin gashi tare da lush na sha'awa jiki da kuma kyakkyawan yanke tare da manyan idanu masu haske an kafa su a cikin ayyukan maigidan tun kafin Elena ya shiga rayuwarsa, a ƙarshe ya zama abin da ake iya gani na wannan manufa.
A cikin wadannan shekaru ya halicci kyawawan ayyuka «Mercurio y Argos», «Bathsabé». "Mercury da Argos" labari ne mai raɗaɗi game da ƙaunataccen Jupiter, wanda Juno, matar Ubangijin alloli mai fushi, ta zama saniya. Kariyar rashin tausayi Juno ya ba wa stoic Argos. Mercury ya kashe Argos kuma ya 'yantar da ita.
"Bathsheba." A cikin hoton, babban jigo na zanen Rubens yana da ƙarfi sosai: ɗaukakar da ba ta ƙarewa, rayuwar budding da kyawunta mai nasara. Jigon wannan hoton shine labarin soyayyar sarki Dauda ga Bathsheba, matar Uriya Bahitte. Ana cikin tafiya sai sarki ya ganta tana wanka sai soyayya ta ke. Wani sabo mai ban sha'awa yana fitowa daga hoton. Zane mai haske wani lokacin kusan kamar ruwa ne, amma a lokaci guda, yana da ƙarfi ta fuskar filastik, cike da kuzari.
Babban mahimmancin kerawa a cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwar mai zane shine zanen "Venus a Fur" daga tarin gidan kayan tarihi na Vienna. Wataƙila mai zanen bai shirya yin zanen hoton matarsa da gangan ba. A bayyane yake, an halicce shi ne kawai a lokacin hutu, lokacin da Elena Fourman ya huta daga matsayi mai ban sha'awa. Cikakken annashuwa, sauƙi na matsayi kuma ya taimaka ƙirƙirar ƙirƙira.
Rubens yana cikin mafi farin ciki lokacin rayuwarsa, yana farin ciki kamar yadda kawai mai mutuwa zai iya yin farin ciki. Kamar dai yana fuskantar farkawa da godiya ga sabuwar budurwarsa, Rubens, wanda ya kasance da tabbaci a matsayinsa mai karfi a cikin al'umma, ya ci gaba da yin zane a kasarsa da kuma a Antwerp. Amma cutar, wanda ya azabtar da mai zane na shekaru masu yawa, ya bayyana kanta da gaske. Hare-haren rheumatism ya karu sosai, wahala ya zama wanda ba zai iya jurewa ba.
A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1640, Pedro Pablo Rubens ya rubuta wasiyya. A ranar 29 ga Mayu, rashin jin daɗin ɗan adam ya ƙare ƙarfinsa. Matashiyar matar mai zane, mai ciki, ba ta da tsaro sau biyu. Yaƙin Rubens da mutuwa ya ci gaba da sa'o'i 24. Zuciya ba za ta iya jurewa ba. A ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1640, babban mai zane ya mutu.
Pedro Pablo Rubens mai sihiri wanda ya bayyana wa mutane duniyar sihiri na launuka, jin daɗin zama. Mai zane yana tasiri akan zane-zanensa tare da buɗe haske mai haske na rayuwa. Ya ci nasara da mu da ikon naman ɗan adam, wanda yake mulki mafi girma a cikin zane-zanensa. Da alama muna jin yadda jini mai zafi ke tafarfasa a cikin manyan jijiyoyin jaruman sa, yana bugun zuciyoyin baiwar Allah. Rubens, kamar babu kowa, ya mallaki carnation, fasahar zanen jikin mai rai.
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