A kowace shekara, da 30 de noviembreArgentina ta dakatar da ayyukanta na ɗan lokaci don ba da girmamawa ga al'ada da ta wuce tsararraki: da Ranar Mate ta KasaBa kwanan wata ba ce a kalandar, amma uzuri ne don nuna mahimmancin al'adu, tarihi, da tattalin arziki na wannan jiko a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun na miliyoyin mutane.
Mate ya zama a Alamar Kudancin MazugiAmma tasirinsa ya ketare tekuna da iyakoki: tsawon shekaru yana samun ƙasa a ciki Turai da Arewacin Amurkainda ya bayyana a cikin nau'i na infusions, makamashi sha, da kari. Duk da haka, zagaye na gargajiya tare da gourd da fitilu ya kasance al'ada wanda ya fi dacewa da ainihinsa.
Me yasa ake bikin ranar mata ta kasa a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba?
Taron tunawa da Ranar Mate ta Kasa Yana da duka biyu na doka da asali na alama. A daya hannun, da Majalisar dokokin kasar Argentina Ya ayyana mate a 2013 a matsayin "jiko na kasa"a hukumance sun fahimci mahimmancinsa a cikin al'adun kasar. Jim kadan bayan haka, ta hanyar 27.117 Law, an gyara shi 30 de noviembre a matsayin ranar bikin shekara-shekara.
Ba a zaɓi wannan ranar ba da gangan: ta zo daidai da ranar haihuwar Andrés “Andresito” Guacurarí (1778), shugaban Guarani da Gwamnan Misiones tsakanin 1815 zuwa 1819Siffarsa tana da alaƙa kai tsaye da yana haɓaka samarwa da amfani da yerba mate a yankin, har ya kai ga hana shigar Paraguay yerba mate don kare masu samar da gida.
An kafa ranar tunawa da ita tsakanin 2014 zuwa 2015 kuma, tun daga wannan lokacin, ta kasance tsarin kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a, ayyukan al'adu, da kuma shirye-shiryen ci gaba a duk faɗin ƙasar. Ƙarƙashin wannan manufa ce bayyananne: don ganin sarkar samar da kayayyaki ta yerba mate, Ayyukan ƙauyuka masu alaƙa da zamantakewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da wannan aikin ya haifar.
A wannan lokacin, cibiyoyi daban-daban - irin su Cibiyar Ƙasa ta Yerba Mate (INYM)- suna amfani da damar don watsa alkaluman amfani, bayanan samarwa da shawarwarin shirye-shirye, suna ƙarfafa ra'ayin cewa mate shine, a lokaci guda, al'adun gargajiya da injiniya mai amfani.
Al'adar yau da kullun wacce ba ta fita daga salo
A Argentina, mate ya bayyana a ciki murabba'ai, ofisoshi, ajujuwa, balaguro da gidajeYana daga cikin karin kumallo, yana shiga cikin abubuwan ciye-ciye na rana, kuma yana tare da dogon kwanaki na karatu ko aiki. Ga mutane da yawa, shine "hayaniyar baya" na rayuwar yau da kullun: cinye kusan ba tare da tunani ba, yayin hira, kallon jerin abubuwa, ko kawai jin daɗin shiru.
Wannan matsayi mai alfarma ba haɗari ba ne. Mate yana aiki kamar saduwa da al'adaFitilar fitilun, wanda ke wucewa daga hannu zuwa hannu, yana tsara tattaunawar, yana nuna tsayawa, kuma yana haifar da ƙaramar al'umma ta wucin gadi. Don haka dangantakarsa da zumunci, karimci, da abotahalayen da yawancin 'yan Argentina suka gane a matsayin nasu.
Bugu da ƙari, al'adar ba ta dawwama. Suna zama tare. classic gourd mate gourds tare da iri na gilashin, bakin karfe ko silicone, suna ninka Organic ganye, flavored blends da boutique kayayyakinKuma smart thermoses da wayar hannu apps da suke koya muku yadda ake shan shayi suna bayyana. Duk da sabbin abubuwa da yawa, jigon al'ada - raba jiko mai sauƙi a cikin da'irar - ya kasance kusan m.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, bayanan hukuma sun nuna cewa al'ada ba kawai tana riƙe ba amma tana girma. INYM ta rubuta a karuwa a cikin amfani da yerba mate da kusan kashi 12% a cikin wasu lokutan kwanan nan, tare da marufi na rabin kilogiram ƙarfafa matsayinsu a matsayin masu son masu amfani, gabanin fakitin kilo ɗaya.
Har ila yau, akwai canji a cikin kwastan a cikin hanyar da ake amfani da shi: ko da yake zagaye na raba ya kasance hoto mai mahimmanci, amfani da daidaikun ma'aurata, al'adar da ta sami gindin zama bayan barkewar cutar kuma da yawa suna kiyayewa don dacewa ko tsabta.
Asalin Guarani da faɗaɗa jiko na Amurka
Abokin aure yana da a asali sun girmi Argentina da kanta. A Mutanen Guarani Su ne suka fara amfani da ganyen Paragurian holly, itacen asali na Dajin Paranadon shirya abin sha tare da tasirin ƙarfafawa da ƙarfi na ruhaniya da abun ciki na gama gari.
A cikin waɗannan al'ummomin, ganye - wanda aka sani da kowa- an cinye shi a ciki gamayya ibada sannan kuma ana taunawa ko aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin abu barter tare da sauran ƴan asalin ƙasar. An yi amfani da jiko a cikin kwantena irin na gourwan zamani kuma an sha gwangwani bamboo, gaban kai tsaye na kwan fitilar zamani.
Tare da isowa na Masu mulkin mallaka na Spain kuma, daga baya, na Ayyukan Jesuital'ada ya bazu ko'ina cikin Mataimakin Sarauta na Río de la PlataKo da yake da farko wasu malaman addini suna ganin wannan dabi'a a matsayin "mataimaki" da ya kamata a iyakance, sun yi gaggawar canza matsayarsu kan fahimtar karfin tattalin arzikinta da kuma amfaninsa ga kawar da shan barasa tsakanin al’ummar ’yan asalin.
A karni na 17, an inganta dabarun noma da sarrafa su, kuma an fara tura ganyen zuwa wasu larduna. Turaiinda aka sayar da shi a matsayin "Jesuit Tea" don yin gasa da shayi na Burtaniya. A lokaci guda, za su kasance gauchos wanda zai hada ma'aurata a matsayin abokiyar rayuwar karkara mara rabuwa, har sai ya mayar da ita alamar kasa.
A yau, al’adar shan ma’aurata ta yaɗu a ko’ina Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, kudancin Brazil da kuma wani ɓangare na Chilekowace kasa da nasu bambancin na zafin jiki, kwantena, da yadda ake rabawa. A halin yanzu, al'ummomin bakin haure sun kawo jiko zuwa biranen Turai, inda ya fara mamaye wani karamin fili tare da kofi na musamman da shayi.
Mahimmin sashin tattalin arziki don Argentina tare da isa ga duniya
Bayan ma'anar, yerba mate yana kiyaye a sarkar samar da hadaddun wanda ya ƙunshi dubban masu samarwa, masu girbi (wanda aka sani da tareferos), ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar, wuraren bushewa, da masana'antu. A namo ne mayar da hankali kusan na musamman a cikin Lardin Misiones da kuma arewa maso gabashin Corrientes, wurare na musamman inda yanayin yanayi da ƙasa mai wadatar baƙin ƙarfe da shuka ke buƙatar haɗuwa.
Argentina a halin yanzu babban mai samar da yerba mate a duniyaWasu ƙididdiga sun nuna cewa amfanin gona ya mamaye Kadada 165.000 da kuma cewa, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, da kore ganye girbi ya shawa a kusa kilo miliyan 800Daga dasa shuki har zuwa lokacin da kunshin ya isa ɗakunan ajiya, tsarin zai iya ɗauka kusan shekaru biyar: kusan hudu don shrub don isa ga cancantar balagagge kuma, bayan haka, aƙalla shekara guda na ajiya a cikin yanayin zafi mai sarrafawa da ɗakunan ajiya na zafin jiki.
El Kasuwar cikin gida ta Argentine Yana ɗaukar yawancin samarwa, tare da amfani wanda, bisa ga maɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, ya wuce nisa daruruwan miliyoyin kilo a kowace shekaraWannan yana sanya abokin aure a sama... kofi, shayi da abin sha ta fuskar yawan amfani da shi, tare da karfafa shi a matsayin abin sha mafi yaduwa a kasar.
Hakazalika, fannin ya kasance yana samun gindin zama a cikin cinikayyar kasa da kasaKasashen Turai da Arewacin Amurka sun san yerba mate a cikin al'ada da ... foda nan take, karin abinci da abubuwan sha masu kuzariGa masu amfani da yawa a cikin waɗannan yankuna, babban zane shine haɗuwa da shi stimulating sakamako da kuma high antioxidant abun ciki.
Wannan girma na waje ya haifar da bayyanar Samfura na musamman, layukan halitta, da samfuran ƙarin ƙimawaɗanda ke neman bambance kansu ta hanyar gaurayawan ganyaye, takaddun shaida na asali, ko gogewar ɗanɗano shiryayyu. Sarari ma suna fitowa kamar mate gidajen tarihi da kuma abubuwan yawon shakatawa na giya wanda ya dace da duniyar yerba mate, tare da dandanawa, haɗin gwiwa da kuma taron shirye-shirye.
Yadda ake sha abokin tarayya: bambance-bambance da hanyoyin cinye shi
Idan ka tambayi ko'ina a Argentina yadda za a shirya "ainihin" abokin aure, tabbas za ku sami wadannan: yawancin girke-girke kamar yadda akwai mutaneDuk da haka, akwai wasu sifofi na yau da kullun waɗanda aka maimaita a cikin ƙasar kuma waɗanda suka haifar da bambance-bambancen yanki.
Mafi yaduwa shine na gargajiya zafi abokiAn cika kwandon kusan kashi uku cikin hudu da yerba mate, ana girgiza shi ta yadda ƙura mafi kyau ta tashi sama kuma za a iya watsar da ita ko kuma a tattara ta gefe, kuma ana karkatar da abokin aure don zama "ɗan ƙaramin dutse". Sannan a jika yankin kasa da dan... ruwan dumi kuma an saka kwan fitila. Daga can, an fara shirya shi da ruwa tsakanin 70 da 80 ° CA guji bari ya tafasa don kada ya kona yerba mate. Kowane mutum yana yanke shawara idan ya fi so. daci ko tare da sukari.
Wani mashahurin bambance-bambancen shine yerba mate da kayan kamshi, gama gari a larduna irin su Cordoba, Santiago del Estero, La Rioja ko JujuyAna ƙara busassun ganye a cikin ganyen. Burrito, Mint, lemun tsami verbena, boldo, lemun tsami balm, marcela, sage, ruhun nana ko wasu nau'ikan gida, neman abubuwan dandano ko fa'idodin narkewar abinci.
A cikin yankuna masu dumin yanayi, abubuwan da ke biyo baya sun fice: terere, jiko mai sanyi tare da tushen karfi a ciki Paraguay da kuma Argentina CoastAn shirya shi kamar yadda aka shirya don mate, amma ana amfani dashi ruwan sanyi ko ruwan 'ya'yan itace na halitta yi da 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar lemun tsami, innabi, ko orange. Sakamakon shine abin sha mai daɗi, wanda mutane da yawa suka ɗauka a lokacin rani azaman madadin haske ga abokin aure mai zafi.
A yankunan karkara da yankunan sanyi ya zama ruwan dare abokin aure da madaraA wannan yanayin, ana bin matakan ma'aurata na gargajiya, amma ana maye gurbin ruwa madara mai zafisau da yawa zaƙi da sukari ko zuma. Ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da shi kwan fitila karfe don guje wa toshewa, kamar yadda madara yakan bar sauran sauran.
Ƙananan sanannun, kodayake ana ƙara ambatonsa, shine abokin aure da kwakwaYa ƙunshi hada ganye da shredded ko desiccated kwakwawani bangare ko gaba daya, da kuma firamare tare da ruwan zafi a kewayon zafin jiki iri ɗaya. Yana ba da ɗanɗano mai santsi da ƙamshi, tare da taɓawa mai daɗi wanda ke sha'awar waɗanda ke neman bayanan martaba kaɗan.
Mate a matsayin alamar al'adu da zamantakewa
Daga ra'ayi na alama, abokin aure ya mamaye wurin da 'yan abubuwan sha ke sarrafa su. Ba kawai jiko mai kafeyin ba: a hanyar zama da wasuMutumin da ya fara wasan ya tsara tsarin zagaye, ya yanke shawarar lokacin da ya ƙare, kuma ya zama, na ɗan lokaci, mai masaukin wannan ƙaramin da'irar.
Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa, a cikin jawabai daban-daban na hukuma da kamfen, ra'ayin da ma'aurata ke wakilta karamci, kusanci da al'ummaYana samuwa a lokacin biki, amma kuma a lokutan baƙin ciki, dogon lokacin da aka yi a asibiti, ko kuma a cikin dare na karatu. Yana aiki azaman lambar da aka raba: duk wanda ya karɓi abokin aure yawanci shima yana karɓar ɗan kamfani.
A fagen ilimi, wannan girman ya haifar da sha'awar fannoni kamar anthropology da zamantakewaYawancin karatu sun yi nazarin yadda yerba mate ke aiki kamar alamar ganewa na Argentine da Southern Cone al'umma, da kuma yadda kasancewar su a cikin ƙaura yana taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙasar asali.
Saboda haka, bayyana mate kamar yadda jiko na kasa a 2013 da kuma halittar Ranar Mate ta Kasa An fassara su ba kawai a matsayin amincewa da samfurin agro-masana'antu ba, amma a matsayin ƙoƙari na don kare alamar al'adu mai rai wanda ake sake halitta kullum.
A halin yanzu, har ma a cikin ƙarin na yau da kullun ko na hukuma, An saba ganin mutane suna shan abokin aure a taron aiki, ofisoshin gwamnati, ko taron ilimi., wani abu da 'yan abubuwan sha za su iya "ba" ba tare da rasa dabi'a ko mahimmanci ba.
Lafiya, kimiyya da yuwuwar fa'idodin yerba mate
Sha'awar yerba mate bai iyakance ga fannin al'adu ko tattalin arziki ba. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, bincike kimiyya ya zurfafa zurfafa cikin nasa yuwuwar amfanin yerba mate, musamman dangane da abun ciki na mahaukatan bioactive da karfinsa na antioxidant.
Daga Cibiyar Ƙasa ta Yerba Mate kuma jami'o'i daban-daban sun jaddada cewa jiko da ake yi da yerba mate ne, a gaba ɗaya. low a cikin adadin kuzari, low a sodium, kuma mai-freematukar ba a kara yawan sukari ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, suna bayarwa polyphenols da methylxanthine, abubuwa da antioxidant da kuma stimulating m.
Masu bincike kamar Ana Thea, masanin kimiyyar halittuMasu bincike daga Jami'ar Misiones ta ƙasa sun nuna cewa ana iya ɗaukar ma'aurata a matsayin lafiya hali lokacin da aka haɗa cikin mahallin daidaita cin abinci, motsa jiki da sauran halayen rayuwa masu dacewaDaga cikin abubuwan da suka fi sha'awar ilimin kimiyya sune chlorogenic acid kuma wasu flavonoidswanda tare wakiltar kewaye 10% na busassun nauyin ganye.
Wasu ayyukan kwanan nan sun mayar da hankali kan nazarin m prebiotic sakamako daga cikin wadannan mahadi, wato, yuwuwar karfin su inganta haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani da kuma hana pathogenic microorganisms a cikin hanji fili. Idan an tabbatar, yerba mate zai iya taka rawa mai ban sha'awa a cikin microbiota balance, filin bincike mai saurin fadadawa.
A cikin layi daya, binciken kasa da kasa ya fara gano dangantakar dake tsakanin yerba mate da lafiyar baki da kashiAiki da aka buga a cikin jarida Jaridar Endodontic ta Duniya, tare da halartar ƙungiyoyi daga cikin Jami'ar Jihar Paulista (Brazil) da kuma Jami'ar Michigan (Amurka), yayi nazari akan tasirin sa akan samfuran apical periodontitis, kumburi a ƙarshen tushen hakori.
Abin da bincike ya ce game da yerba mate da lafiyar baki
An ci gaba da wannan binciken a cikin beraye da al'adun hakora na ɗan adamAmfani da yerba mate foda da aka diluted a cikin ruwa, a cikin allurai kwatankwacin abincin da mutum ya saba yi. An kafa ƙungiyoyi huɗu na dabbobi: ɗaya lafiyayye, ɗaya wanda kawai ya karɓi yerba mate, ɗayan yana da periodontitis, wani kuma yana da periodontitis da yerba mate.
A cikin nau'ikan dabbobi, an sami nasarar amfani da ma'aurata wani bangare na mayar da karfin antioxidant na plasma da rage alamomi na oxidative danniya, kamar lipid peroxidation a cikin jini. Bugu da ƙari kuma, nazarin nama ya nuna a rage kumburi shiga cikin hakora da rage ayyukan sel da ke da alhakin lalata kashi.
Gwaje-gwajen sun hada da microscopy, nazarin halittu na biochemical da 3D computed tomography don lura da tsarin jaws daki-daki. Sunadaran da alamomi irin su IL-10, RANKL, TARKO da OPGduk suna da alaƙa da matakai masu kumburi da asarar kashi, kuma an gano bambance-bambance masu kyau a cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka karɓi yerba mate.
A cikin kwayoyin jikin mutumAbubuwan yerba mate sun taimaka wajen kula da iya aiki da al'ada aiki na kyallen hakora, yayin da aka sami raguwar wasu ƙwayoyin kumburi masu alaƙa da lalacewar ɓangaren litattafan almara.
Masana kamar Juan FerrarioMai binciken CONICET kuma marubucin littafin "The Science of Mate", darajar waɗannan sakamakon a matsayin mahada masu dacewa a cikin ginin shaida dangane da illar da ganyen ke yi. Duk da haka, sun dage cewa haka ne samfurin dabba da nazarin dakin gwaje-gwajeSabili da haka, har yanzu yana da wuri don yin tunani game da aikace-aikacen asibiti kai tsaye.
Marubutan aikin da kansu sun jaddada hakan gwajin asibiti bai wanzu ba tukuna wanda ke kimanta tasirin yerba mate akan mutanen da ke da apical periodontitis, kuma ba a san menene ba sashi da tsari Za su fi tasiri a matsayin mai yiwuwa madaidaicin magani. A yanzu, babban ƙarshe shine yerba mate, ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan gwaji, Bai nuna illa mai cutarwa a cikin berayen. kuma ya buɗe layin bincike mai albarka.
Turai, Arewacin Amurka da sabon taswirar abokin aure
Duk da yake a Argentina abokin tarayya ya kasance cikin haɗin kai cikin rayuwar yau da kullun wanda galibi ba a san shi ba, a ciki Turai da Arewacin Amurka Ya fara gabatar da wani bayanin martaba na daban. A can, ana danganta shi da ra'ayoyi kamar su na halitta makamashi, lafiya salon da m samfur, wanda ke ba da damar shigar da shi cikin ƙayyadaddun kayan masarufi.
A cikin waɗannan kasuwanni, yerba mate yana bayyana a ciki Akwai shi a cikin foda mai narkewa, capsules, jakunkunan shayi, da tsarin shirye-shiryen shasau da yawa a hade tare da sauran sinadaran. Bayanin mabukaci na yau da kullun shine wanda ke nema madadin kofi ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarancin sukari fiye da abubuwan sha na gargajiya.
Ƙwararrun ɗanɗanon ɗanɗano na Yerba mate da sommeliers sun nuna cewa, yayin da sha'awa ke girma, haka kuma buƙatar buƙatar ke ƙaruwa. samfuran kwayoyin halitta, na ƙwararrun asali kuma tare da shiri mai kyauWannan yana buɗe dama ga masu kera masu son fitar da kayayyaki a cikin Misiones da Corrientes, amma kuma yana haifar da ƙalubale dangane da ingancin ma'auni, dorewa, da ganowa.
A cikin biranen Turai, haka ma, sun fara yaduwa cafes na musamman da mashaya wanda ya haɗa da yerba mate akan menu nasu, ko dai a cikin tsarin sa na gargajiya ko kuma an sake fassara shi a cikin cocktails, abubuwan sha masu sanyi, da haɗuwa tare da madarar shuka. A cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin, an gabatar da jiko a matsayin kashi na musayar al'adu, sau da yawa tare da bayani game da asalinsa na Guarani da rawar da ya taka a cikin al'ummar Argentina.
Duk wannan motsi yana ƙarfafa ra'ayin cewa yerba mate ya daina zama samfurin gida kawai kuma ya zama samfuri. dan wasa mafi yawan aiki a kasuwar abin sha na duniyatare da tarihin kansa da labarin al'adu wanda ke ƙara darajar idan aka kwatanta da sauran zaɓuɓɓuka.
Dubawa gaba ɗaya, da Ranar Mate ta Kasa Yana aiki azaman tunatarwa game da sarƙaƙƙiyar ɓoyayye a bayan irin wannan sauƙi mai sauƙi kamar shiryawa da raba jiko. A cikin wannan gour ɗin da ake ganin ba ta da kyau, abubuwa da yawa suna haɗuwa. Tarihi na ƙarni biyar, ayyukan al'umma, tattalin arzikin yanki, da buɗe tambayoyin kimiyyaDaga jajayen shukar Misiones zuwa wuraren shakatawa na Berlin ko London, abokin aure ya ci gaba da haɓaka kansa ba tare da rasa abin da zai sa a gane shi ba: abin sha wanda, fiye da kashe ƙishirwa kawai, ya gayyace ku ku zauna ku yi magana.
