Kwata na karni da suka wuce, da Nuwamba 2 na 2000A ranar [kwanan da aka ɓace], an buɗe ƙyanƙyasar ma'aikatan jirgin na dogon lokaci a tashar sararin samaniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa (ISS) a karon farko. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kasancewar ɗan adam akan wannan dakin gwaje-gwaje na orbital ya kasance rashin katsewaƙarfafa aikin da ya haɗa hukumomi da ƙasashe duk da tashin hankali a duniya.
Yayin da ake gudanar da wannan gagarumin biki, NASA na shirya abubuwan janyewar sarrafawa a farkon 2031 kuma ya share fagen kasuwanci. Turai-tare da ESA da muhimmiyar gudummawar Italiyanci a cikin abubuwan da za a iya rayuwa - ya kasance kuma zai ci gaba da kasancewa maɓallin maɓalli a cikin wannan matakin mika mulki.
Ma'aikata na dindindin tun 2000
Tafiya ta farko ta ƙunshi Bill Shepherd (Amurka) da kuma cosmonauts Sergey Krikalev y Yuri Gidzenko, wanda ya isa a cikin wani Soyuz, wani ɓangare na shirin sararin samaniyar Sovietkuma ya kasance kusa da wata biyar (kwanaki 136)Farkon wannan, a cikin wani tasha mai wahala, ya fara haɗin gwiwar da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, bisa ga kididdigar NASA, sun wuce ta ISS kusan mutane 290 daga kasashe 26tare da ƙungiyoyi na yanzu waɗanda suka haɗa Amurka, Rasha, Japan, da abokan tarayyar Turai. Haɗin kai tsakanin hukumomi-NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, da CSA-yana ci gaba. aiki da ruwa a matakin fasaha.
Yawon shakatawa na Orbital ya shiga sabon zamani lokacin Dennis Titus Ya biya kuɗin tafiyarsa a 2001. Rasha ta ci gaba da ɗaukar abokan ciniki masu zaman kansu, kuma a cikin shekaru NASA ma ta shiga su. ma'aikatan kasuwanci masu izini don gajeren zama. Tsohon soja Peggy Whitson, mace ta farko da ta jagoranci tashar shekaru da suka wuce, kwanan nan ta jagoranci ayyukan sirri.
Matsayin Turai ya kasance mai ban mamaki: babban ɓangare na abubuwan da aka matsa sun kasance An kera su a Italiya. da 'yan sama jannati kamar Umberto Guidoni, Roberto Vittori, Paolo Nespoli, Luca Parmitano o Samantha Cristoforetti Sun zama ma'auni. Spain, a matsayin memba na ESA, tana shiga ta hanyar shirye-shirye da biya da goyon baya 'Yan sama jannatin Spain a cikin tsarin Turai.
Rayuwa a kan jirgin: na yau da kullum, motsa jiki da lokacin mutum
Tashar ta tafi daga zama wuri duhu da damshi A farkonsa, ya kasance wani hadadden girman filin wasan kwallon kafa mai dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu yawa. Yau yana da Tagar panoramic (Dome) don kallon Duniya da wayar da ke da intanet don amfanin kashin kai, ta yadda mutane da yawa ke kwatanta ta da kusan “a hotel hudu"a cikin orbit."
Don kasancewa cikin koshin lafiya a cikin microgravity, ma'aikatan jirgin suna horar da su awa biyu a ranaSuna amfani da kayan aiki kamar su ARED (juriya ba tare da ma'auni ba), injin takalmi T2 da kayan aiki da keke CEVISBa tare da nauyi ba, jiki yana rasa yawan kashi - kimanin. daya 1% a kowane wata- kuma motsa jiki ya zama mahimmanci.
Ba duka game da ta'aziyya ba ne: har yanzu babu shawa ko wanki A cikin jirgin, ana amfani da wanka na soso kuma ana zubar da kayan datti. Gidajen kore sun ba da launi da abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar noma barkono barkono da zinniasHar ma sun gwada injin espresso da ƙaramin murhun kuki.
ISS kuma ta ba da sarari ga al'adu da alamu na alama. Kanada Chris Hadfield Ya buga kiɗa daga dome, da ƙwallon ƙafa mai tarihi - mai alaƙa da Challenger- ya yi iyo a matsayin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da haraji. Ba a sami ƙarancin ƙalubalen wasa ba, koyaushe a ƙarƙashin tsauraran ƙa'idodin aminci.
Rayuwa ta sirri ma ba ta daina: cikin waɗannan shekarun, wasu 'yan saman jannati sun yi aure ko sun zama iyaye a lokacin zamansu. Tsakanin su, Mike Fincke Ya fuskanci haihuwar ɗa a lokacin da yake kewaya duniya.
Kimiyya a cikin microgravity
An aiwatar da waɗannan abubuwan akan ISS dubban gwaje-gwaje wanda ba zai yiwu ba a ƙasa: kimiyyar kayan aiki, ilmin halitta, ilimin halittar ɗan adam, ilimin kimiyyar ruwa, da ƙari. Turai ta goyi bayan ayyuka da yawa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Columbus da kuma a cikin raƙuman raƙuman ruwa, tare da sakamako masu dacewa lafiya, masana'antu da muhalli.
Magunguna a cikin orbit sun ɗauki matakan majagaba, kamar ganewar asali da magani na a zubar jini a cikin jijiya jugular na wani dan sama jannati, ana lura dashi daga doron kasa har sai sun dawo lafiya. Waɗannan lokuta sun cika ka'idojin asibiti don ayyuka na dogon lokaci na gaba.
Daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru, masu zuwa sun yi fice: karatun tagwaye daga NASA, kwatanta sama da shekara da karbuwa na Scott kelly a cikin kewayawa tare da ɗan'uwansa Mark a kasa. Bugu da ƙari, da barbashi spectrometer An shigar da shi ta hanyar jirgin sama, ya faɗaɗa iyakokin kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi kuma an ci gaba da sabuntawa.
Abubuwan da suka faru, kulawa da tsufa na tashar
Ayyuka ba na yau da kullun ba ne. Daga cikin manyan koma baya akwai kusa da nutsewa na wani dan sama jannati yayin tafiya sararin samaniya, da asarar iko na wucin gadi bayan haɗawa, ƙananan fasa da leaks iska da karuwar barazanar tarkacen sararin samaniya, wanda ke tilasta gujewa motsin rai.
A tsawon lokaci, da radiation da kuma micrometer Suna ɗaukar nauyin kayan aiki kuma suna ƙara bukatun kulawa. Ayyuka na ƙetare (EVA) sun kasance masu mahimmanci don haɗawa, gyara, da haɓaka hadaddun, ƙoƙari mai gudana wanda abokan tarayya - ciki har da Turai- sun ba da gudummawar kwarewa da kayan aiki.
Canji zuwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma rawar da Turai ke takawa
NASA ta bai wa SpaceX kwangilar na'urar da za ta lalata, tare da kimar da ke kusa da ita dala biliyan, a cikin tsarin da harba sararin samaniyaShirin ya ƙunshi haɗa abin hawa mai ƙarfi da jagorantar tashar zuwa a sake dawowa sarrafawa sama da Pacific a farkon 2031, guje wa barin tarkace a cikin kewayawa.
A cikin layi daya, Sararin sararin samaniya za a makala a koyaushe wanda, kafin ƙarshen ISS, zai rabu don zama ainihin tashar kasuwanci. Wasu kamfanoni suna haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu, yayin da Dragon Dragon Ya maye gurbin jirgin a cikin 2020 da Soyuz Suna ci gaba da aiki a cikin juyawa da kaya.
Turai tana fatan ci gaba da kasancewar ɗan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya: ƙwarewar masana'antu - musamman a ciki Italiyanci kayayyaki- da kuma gado na Turai ATVTare da dakin gwaje-gwaje na Columbus, sun sanya ESA a matsayin abokin tarayya mai dacewa a cikin wannan sabon tattalin arzikin orbital, tare da zaɓuɓɓuka don kayan aiki, ayyuka da abubuwan more rayuwa na gaba.
Kwata na karni bayan zuwan Expedition 1, ISS yana wakiltar haɗin kai, kimiyya mai amfani, da daidaitawa. Daga cikin matakan kimiyyaTare da rayuwa ta musamman ta yau da kullun da kuma shirin ritayar da aka tsara, aikin ya aza harsashi don mataki na gaba: tashoshin kasuwanci, ayyukan ƙasashen duniya, da shirye-shiryen fasaha don tafiya. nisa, zuwa ga Wata da Mars.