Mutuwar marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma marubucin allo Tom Stoppard zuwa 88 shekaru Yana nuna ƙarshen ɗayan mafi kyawun sana'o'i a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turanci na zamani. Marubucin al'adun gargajiya irin su "Rosencrantz da Guildenstern sun mutu" da kuma irin wannan tasirin screenplay kamar "Shakespeare in Love" Ya mutu a gidansa da ke cikin gundumar Dorseta kudu maso yammacin Ingila, tare da iyalansa, kamar yadda hukumarsa da wasu kafafen yada labarai na Birtaniya suka tabbatar BBC y The Guardian.
Mutuwar tasa tana wakiltar asarar ɗaya daga cikin manyan sunaye a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai na rabin na biyu na 20th da farkon karni na 21, marubucin wanda ya rubuta. "Gymnastics na magana"Wasan kwaikwayo na hikima da tambayoyin falsafa sun bar tasiri mai dorewa akan matakan London y Broadway kamar kan babban allo. Yawancin lokaci ana nunawa a Spain da sauran Turai, Stoppard ya kasance ga mutane da yawa gaskiya dukiyar kasa ta Burtaniya, duk da ba a haife shi a can ba.
Masanin harshe wanda ya ba da sunansa ga kalmar "Stoppardian"
Isar da tasirinsa ya kasance haka Kamus na Turanci na Oxford shigar da sifa "Stoppardian" don bayyana ayyukan da aka yiwa alama hade da nagartaccen hikima da tunani na falsafaMa'anar ma'anar tana nuni ne da waccan ɓarkewar haɗe-haɗe na zance mai kaifi, kyakyawan jin daɗi, da tambayoyin wanzuwa waɗanda ke bayyana rubutunsa.
Wannan bambance-bambancen, wanda 'yan tsirarun marubuta za su iya samu, ya taƙaita matsayin Stoppard a cikin Al'adun Anglo-Saxonmarubucin wasan kwaikwayo mai iya juyar da muhawara akai 'yancin son rai, makoma, kimiyya, ko siyasa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo tare da babban abin burgewa. A Spain, yawancin ayyukansa an karanta su kuma an yi su a cikin cibiyoyi da sauran wurare, inda wannan tambarin "Stoppardian" ke da alaƙa da buƙatar samarwa, amma yana da lada ga jama'a.
Kamfanoni da Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai Sun juya ga rubutunsa shekaru da yawa saboda haka haɗakar nishaɗi da zurfin tunani. Ayyuka kamar "Arcadia" o "The Coast of Utopia" An tsara wasanninsa a manyan wuraren wasanni a London, Dublin, Berlin da Barcelona, yana ƙarfafa matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan wasan kwaikwayo a nahiyar.
A cikin da'irar ilimi, sifa "Stoppardian" ya riga ya zama gajeriyar hanya don zayyana takamaiman nau'in wasan kwaikwayo: wasannin metatheatric, hadaddun tsari, da ban dariya mai hankali a cikin sabis na zurfin tunani. Wani abu wanda, tare da nuances, shi ma ya mamaye yawancin wasan kwaikwayo da ya rubuta, ko da lokacin da fim ɗin ya yi niyya ga jama'a.
Daga Tomáš Sträussler zuwa Sir Tom Stoppard: rayuwar da aka yiwa alama ta gudun hijira
An haifi Tom Stoppard a shekara ta 1937 Zlín, a cikin abin da yake a lokacin Czechoslovakia, kamar yadda Tomáš SträusslerAn haife ta a cikin dangin Bayahude da ba sa aiki, rayuwarta ta kasance daga farkon tarihin Turai a cikin 1930s da 40s: iyayenta sun gudu daga ci gaban Nazi, tafiya da ta fara kai su. Singapore sannan zuwa ga India.
A kasar Singapore, mahaifinsa, likita kuma mai sa kai a yakin Birtaniya, ya mutu a lokacin yakin, kamar yadda marubucin kansa zai ba da labari daga baya. Daga baya, a Indiya, mahaifiyarsa ta auri wani jami'in soja na Birtaniya. Kenneth Stoppard ne adam wataKuma yaron Tomáš ya zama Tom Stoppard, kuma yana ɗaukar sabon al'ada da al'adu. Wannan sauyi na ainihi, wanda shi da kansa ya bayyana a matsayin wani nau'i na sake haifuwa, zai kasance daya daga cikin tushen sha'awar rubuce-rubucen da ya shafi adabi. ainihi, mallakarsu da tumɓukewa.
A cikin 1946 dangin sun zauna na dindindin a cikin Ƙasar Ingilainda matashin Stoppard ya halarci makarantar kwana a Pocklington, YorkshireShekaru bayan haka, ta wurin dangin Czech, ya koyi haka An kashe dukan kakanninsa Yahudawa huɗu a sansanonin fursuna na NaziYa sau da yawa yana faɗin cewa yana jin "sa'a mai ban sha'awa" don kada ya yi rayuwa ta wannan gogewar da kansa, jin babban sa'a wanda ya mamaye ra'ayinsa na duniya.
Ko da yake a koyaushe yana nanata cewa bai taba samun matsalolin shiga cikin al'ummar Burtaniya ba, ya yarda cewa, ta wasu hanyoyi, Bai cika ganin kansa a cikin duniyar da ta kewaye shi ba.Wannan sani na zama ɗan “ba shi da wuri”, na kasancewa da al’adun da ba nasu ba, yana shiga cikin mutane da yawa waɗanda ba su dace da su ba ko kuma waɗanda ake kira da wasu sunaye akai-akai.
Daga aikin jarida zuwa mataki: farkon mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo
Stoppard bai halarci jami'a ba. 17 shekaru, yanke shawarar barin makaranta ya zama ɗan jarida, na farko a cikin Jaridar Western Daily daga Bristol. Tun yana ƙarami, duk da haka, ainihin burinsa yana cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo: ya fara rubuta wasan kwaikwayo rediyo riga aiki a matsayin mai sukar wasan kwaikwayowanda ya ba shi damar sanin yanayin Biritaniya na lokacin kusa.
Aikin sa na farko na mataki, "Shigar da Mutumin Kyauta" ("Man free"), ya zo a farkon sittin, kusan daidai da sauran matani na farko kamar "Tafiya akan Ruwa" ("Tafiya akan ruwa"), an rubuta shi ne don rediyo. Wadannan ayyukan farko sun ja hankalin su sautin wayo da madaidaicin ginin wasan kwaikwayoAmma a cikin 1966 ne aikinsa ya yi rawar gani.
A wannan shekarar ya gabatar da shi a bikin Edinburgh "Rosencrantz da Guildenstern sun mutu", wani yanki da ke sanya haruffa biyu na biyu a gaba na "Hamlet" Shakespeare yana yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya canza su zuwa manyan jarumai da suka makale a cikin wani makirci wanda ma'anarsa ta kuɓuce musu. Ayyukan, wanda ke wasa tare da rashin fahimta, metafiction, da muhawarar falsafa game da yancin kai da kaddaraYa zama nasara nan take.
A cikin 1967 aikin ya yi tsalle zuwa National Theatre na Londoninda Stoppard ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙaramin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo don ganin aikin nasa ya yi a wannan matakin. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya sauka a kan Broadway kuma ya fara tarawa Tony Awardsyana ƙarfafa hotonsa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Birtaniya. "Rosencrantz da Guildenstern sun mutu" za a yi la'akari da shi daya daga cikin manyan ayyuka na karni na 20 da kuma misali na salon sa.
Babban aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Turai
Sama da rabin karni, Stoppard ya sanya hannu wasanni fiye da talatinda kuma rubutu na rediyo da talabijin. Daga cikin sunayensa da aka fi ambata akwai "Jumpers", "Tafiya", "Abin Da Yake Gaskiya", "Arcadia", "Rock'n' Roll", "The Coast of Utopia" ("Gabarun Utopia: Tafiya, Rufewar Jirgin ruwa, Ceto") da babban yanki na ƙarshe, "Leopoldstadt", wanda aka fara a cikin 2020 a London's West End.
En "Jumpers" ("The Jumpers"Misali, zuwan ‘yan sama jannatin Burtaniya a duniyar wata ya zama madogara ga wani satire na falsafa wanda yake da sarkakiya kamar abin ban dariya, inda suke haduwa. maganganun ilimi, muhawarar ɗabi'a, da acrobatics na zahiriAn raba masu suka da ƴan kallo tsakanin waɗanda suka gan shi a matsayin babban gwanintarsa da kuma waɗanda suka yi la'akari da shi fiye da kima, amma rubutun ya kafa kansa a matsayin ma'auni na wasan kwaikwayo na hankali na lokacin.
"Arcadia", wanda aka saki a cikin 1993, ya haɗa lokaci biyu da ƙungiyoyi biyu na haruffa don bincika jigogi daban-daban kamar ka'idar hargitsialakar dake tsakanin da da na yanzu, da rashin tabbas na kimiyya da ma makarantu daban-daban na gyaran shimfidar wuri da aikin lambuLabarin wata matashiya matashiya da ilimin lissafi da malaminta, abokin Lord Byron suka sha'awar, an haɗa shi da wani shiri na zamani wanda masu bincike suka yi ƙoƙarin sake ginawa, daidai da farawa, abin da ya faru a wannan gidan ƙarni biyu baya.
con "Rock'n' Roll"Stoppard ya waigo wajen Gabashin Turai Tushensa na Czech ya haɗu da kiɗan dutse, rashin yarda da hankali a cikin Czechoslovakia na kwaminisanci, da waƙa a matsayin nau'in juriya. "The Coast of Utopia", trilogy mai buri, ya tashi don yin wasan kwaikwayo mai girma muhawarar falsafa na Rasha kafin juyin juya hali na karni na 19, wanda ya ba shi wani lambar yabo ta Tony da kuma shirye-shirye da yawa a cikin masu magana da Ingilishi da kuma a cikin ƙasashen Turai, ciki har da Spain.
Fada ya zo da bankwana "Leopoldstadt"aikin da aka yi wahayi daga tarihin iyalinsa, wanda yawancin masu suka suka bayyana a matsayin nau'i "Jerin Schindler" don gidan wasan kwaikwayoAn kafa shi a Vienna a farkon karni na 20, yana ba da labarin tasowa da faɗuwar dangin Yahudawa masu wadata da ke nuna kyamar Yahudawa da kuma, a ƙarshe, ta sansanin kashewa. An yaba wa wasan kwaikwayon Nauyin motsin rai da hangen nesansa mai zurfi akan ƙwaƙwalwar Holocaust, musamman dacewa ga marubuci wanda Nazis ya kashe kakanninsa hudu.
Daga Ƙarshen Yamma zuwa Hollywood: tsalle cikin fim
Yayin da gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya kasance gidansa na halitta, cinema a ƙarshe ya canza Stoppard zuwa sunan gida ga miliyoyin masu kallo a Turai da sauran duniya. Bajintar da ya yi a fim ya zo tare da rubutaccen rubutun "Brazil" (1985), Baroque dystopia na Terry Gilliam, yanzu an yi la'akari da al'ada na al'ada. Don wannan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka rubuta tare da Gilliam da Charles McKeown, ya karɓi nasa nadin Oscar na farko.
Ya ci gaba a Hollywood ya zo a 1998 tare da "Shakespeare in Love"John Madden ne ya jagoranci. Taurarin fina-finan Gwyneth Paltrow da Joseph Fiennes, ya zama babban nasara a duniya da kuma al'amuran kyaututtuka: ya lashe Oscars bakwai, gami da na daya don Mafi Kyawun Tsarin allo don Stoppard da Marc Norman. Abin ban sha'awa, yawancin masu kallo sun san shi tun daga wannan lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya maimakon daga aikin wasan kwaikwayo na baya.
Baya ga wasan kwaikwayo na asali na allo, Stoppard ya kasance sananne adaftar labari-zuwa-fimDaga cikin wasu sunayen sarauta, ya jagoranci sigar fim ɗin "The Empire of the Sun" ta JG Ballard, wanda Steven Spielberg ya jagoranta; "Rusa House", bisa ga aikin John le Carré; "Billy Bathgate" farawa da EL Doctorow; kuma a cikin karni na 21st, "Enigma", "Ana Karenina" y "Zazzabin Tulip"dukkansu suna da bangaren adabi da tarihi mai karfi.
Masoya fina-finan leken asiri da wasan kwaikwayo na yakin cacar baki sukan haskaka aikinsa a ciki "Rusa House" a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun daidaitawa na aikin Le Carré, inda babu harbi ko layin tattaunawa da alama mara kyau. Wannan sadaukarwa ga daidaitaccen labariWannan, wanda ya gada a wani bangare daga kwarewar wasan kwaikwayo, ya sanya shi zama marubucin allo da ake nema sosai don ayyuka masu rikitarwa.
Stoppard kuma ya daidaita aikinsa zuwa fim. "Rosencrantz da Guildenstern sun mutu"wanda ya jagoranci kansa. Fim din ya karbi Golden Lion a Venice Film Festival a 1990, tabbacin cewa za a iya samun nasarar fassara sararin samaniyarsa zuwa yaren fina-finai ba tare da rasa ban mamaki ko zurfinta ba.
"Likitan Rubutun" a cikin manyan blockbusters
Bayan ƙididdigar hukuma, Stoppard yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan "Likitan rubutu" daga Hollywood: irin wannan tsohuwar marubucin allo wanda ya shiga aikin cikin nutsuwa maganganun goge baki, sake fasalin fage, da kuma tace haruffa ba tare da dole ya bayyana a cikin ƙididdiga ba.
Hannunsa yana rubuce a cikin sanannun blockbusters kamar "Indiana Jones da Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe", inda ya sake yin wani bangare mai kyau na layin halayen Indiana da mahaifinsa; "Star Wars: Episode III - Fansa na Sith", yana taimakawa wajen tsaftace tattaunawa a cikin mafi duhu na saga; ko "Sleepy Hollow" y "K-19: Mai Zawarawa"A wasu lokuta, daraktocin da kansu sun tabbatar da shiga su, duk da cewa ba a bayyana a cikin ƙididdiga na ƙarshe ba.
An sau da yawa an ce, a lokacin yin fim na "Lissafin Schindler"Har ma Steven Spielberg ya kira shi a cikin matsananciyar damuwa don tattauna wasu sassa na rubutun, har zuwa cewa, bisa ga labarin, ya fitar da shi daga wanka don warware shakku na karshe. Duk da cewa ba a san irin gudunmawar da ya bayar a fim ba a hukumance, amma sanin kowa ne a masana’antar da ya taimaka tace wasu mahimman tattaunawa.
Ya kuma sanya alamarsa a talabijin tare da daidaitawa "Karshen Parade" ("Karshen faretin") don HBO da BBC, bisa ga litattafan Ford Madox Ford da tauraro, da sauransu, Benedict Cumberbatch da Rebecca Hall. An yaba wa ma'aikatun saboda ta bugun wallafe-wallafe da kuma jin daɗin da ya yi game da ƙarshen duniyar Edwardian da raunin yakin duniya na farko.
Duk wannan aikin bayan fage ya ƙarfafa sunansa a Hollywood a matsayin wani nau'i na "likitan dakin gaggawa" don rubutun matsala, mai iya samarwa. tsari, rhythm da dabara mai ban dariya har ma a cikin manyan ayyuka na kasafin kuɗi da nufin yawan jama'a, ciki har da masu kallo na Turai.
Ra'ayoyi, siyasa da amincewar duniya
Stoppard ya ayyana kansa a matsayin "mai ra'ayin mazan jiya tare da ƙarami c"Ya kasance kusan fitaccen mai sassaucin ra'ayi na gargajiya fiye da mai fafutuka na dama. Ya bambanta da sauran marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na Birtaniyya na zamaninsa, sau da yawa hade da hagu, ya goyi bayan lokacin Margaret Thatcher ta "juyin juya halin mazan jiya"ko da yake ba tare da yin gagarumin baje koli na matsayinsa na siyasa ba.
Damuwarsa ta tsakiya, duk da haka, ta ta'allaka ne a cikin 'yancin ɗan adam, 'yancin siyasa da kuma sa idoWaɗannan abubuwan sha'awa sun bayyana a cikin yawancin ayyukansa na farko, waɗanda ke nuna 'yan jarida, masu adawa, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru. Kwarewarsa a matsayinsa na ɗan gudun hijira daga Turai da ta mamaye ya haifar da wannan azancin ga... 'yancin kai da kin amincewa da mulkin kama-karya.
A tsawon rayuwarsa ya tara kyaututtuka da dama: biyar Tony Awards ga ayyuka kamar "Rosencrantz da Guildenstern sun mutu", "Tafiya", "Abin Da Yake Gaskiya" y "The Coast of Utopia"; da Bear Azurfa a bikin Fim na Berlin; wanda aka ambata Zinar zinariya na Venice; da kuma Hoton hoto na Hollywood Academy Award don "Shakespeare in Love". A Burtaniya ya kasance Sarauniya Elizabeth II ta yi nasaraWannan ya ƙayyadad da fahimtar zamantakewar da ta ji daɗi a aikace tsawon shekaru.
Da kansa, an kwatanta shi da mutum m, tanadi kuma tare da jin daɗin ban dariyaRayuwar soyayya mai cike da rudani wacce ta hada da aure uku da kuma alakoki da dama da aka bayyana a fili, duk da nasarar da ya samu, abokan aikinsa da yawa sun dage cewa da wuya a yi masa hassada domin hazakarsa tana tare da karamcin da ya kara masa girma mai girma.
Da'irar abokansa sun motsa tsakanin wallafe-wallafe, wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma shahararrun kiɗa. Mawakin na The Rolling Stones, Mick JaggerYana daga cikin wadanda suka yi masa godiya bayan sun sami labarin rasuwarsa. Daga hukumomin duniya, da Sarki Charles IIIWani mai sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abokinsa, ya fitar da wata sanarwa da ke nuna jimamin rashin "daya daga cikin manyan marubutanmu," yana mai jaddada ikonsa don ƙalubalanci, motsawa, da kuma ƙarfafawa ga masu sauraro da alkalami.
Salon mara kuskure wanda ya yiwa tsararraki alama
Ana iya gane tambarin Stoppardian a cikin karfin tattaunawar su, dandano ga Wasannin kalmomi da ikon haɗa batutuwan da ba su da alaƙa: falsafar ilimi da gymnastics, romanticism da thermodynamics, hargitsi kimiyya da aikin lambu, dutsen da siyasar Czech, ko addinin Yahudanci da ƙwaƙwalwar tarihi, don suna 'yan misalai.
A guda kamar "Jumpers" o "Rock'n' Roll" cewa mix ne m ilimi da rashin tunaniMasu sauraro na iya samun kansu suna tattaunawa Kant, injiniyoyi na ƙididdigewa, ko zanga-zangar ɗalibai yayin da haruffan a zahiri suka yi tsalle a kan matakin ko kuma suna muhawara don bugun rikodin vinyl. Wannan haɗin naɗaɗɗen salo da salo ya ba shi damar haɗi tare da masu sauraro masu ilimi sosai da waɗanda kawai ke neman labari mai kyau da kyau.
A wani matakin sirri, Stoppard bai taɓa watsi da kiransa na farko a matsayin ɗan jarida ba. A cikin hirar da aka yi da shi, ya yarda cewa, a matsayinsa na matashi, ya yi mafarkin rubuta aikewa da sako daga filayen jirgin saman Afirka a karkashin harbin bindiga, amma bai da karfin gwiwar yin tambayoyi kai tsaye ga mutane. "Koyaushe ina tsammanin wanda ake hira da shi zai buge ni a kai da tukunyar shayi ko kuma ya kira 'yan sanda," in ji shi, don haka ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa ya fi jin dadi. ƙirƙira haruffa fiye da tambayar mutane na gaske.
Ayyukansa sun yi tasiri sosai tare da masu sauraron Turai, ciki har da masu kallon Mutanen Espanya, ta hanyar samarwa a cikin repertory gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da bukukuwan kasa da kasa. Daraktoci kamar Alex Rigola Sun dauki lakabi kamar "Rock'n' Roll" da sauran matani zuwa Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kyauta riga daban-daban matakai na kasar, taimaka wajen karfafa da daraja a cikin harshen Spanish scene.
A cikin balagagge, tare da guda kamar "Leopoldstadt", rubutunsa ya samu melancholy da tarihi tunani ba tare da ya rasa zakinsa ba. Yawancin masu sukar sun nuna cewa, nesa da sake maimaita kansa, ya sami hanyar da za ta rufe da'irar tsakanin tarihin rayuwarsa, tunawa da Holocaust, da kuma manyan tambayoyi game da ainihi da kuma kasancewa wanda ya kasance a cikin aikinsa.
Tare da mutuwar Tom Stoppard, adadi wanda ya haɗu, a cikin mutum ɗaya, da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na ra'ayoyi, cult screenwriter, kuma asirce mai fasaha na manyan blockbustersAn raba gadonsa tsakanin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Turai da za su ci gaba da shirya wasan kwaikwayonsa, fina-finan da miliyoyin masu kallo suka sani da zuciya ɗaya, da kuma kalmar "Stoppardian," wanda ya riga ya taƙaita hanyar fahimtar fasaha: don yin tunani mai zurfi ba tare da barin jin daɗin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo da labari mai kyau ba.
