Shin kun taɓa tsayawa don sauraron sautin huɗa na musamman wanda filayen ambaliya, dazuzzuka, ko ma lambun ku? Wannan sauti, kamar yadda yake da ban mamaki, yana ɓoye labarai masu ban sha'awa a bayan kowane girgiza. Yanayi yana magana cikin harshen da sau da yawa ba a lura da shi ba, Amma idan muka mai da hankali, ya bayyana ban mamaki bambancin dabbobin da suke samar da su da kuma dalilan da ya sa su yin haka.
A cikin wannan labarin za ku gano dalla-dalla abin da ke bayan waɗannan Buzzing, chirping, croaking da sauran sautuna a cikin yanayi, bincika zurfafan dabbobin da ke da alhakin, yadda suke aiki, abubuwan sha'awar kowane nau'in, yadda ake nazarin waɗannan sautunan da kuma dalilin da yasa suke zama muhimmin bangare na rayuwa a duniyarmu. Za mu bincika komai tun daga fiffiken ƙananan fikafikan kwari zuwa waƙar kifin kifi mai ƙarfi, gami da tsuntsaye, masu amphibians da dabbobi masu shayarwa, kuma za mu fahimci yadda bioacoustics ya buɗe sararin samaniya na dama ga duka bincike da haɓakawa. domin kiyaye namun daji.
Kewayon sauti a cikin yanayi: bayan hum
Yanayi wani wasan kwaikwayo ne mai ban mamaki inda sautunan ƙararrawa ke raba haske tare da ƙwanƙwasa, ƙwanƙwasa, ƙwanƙwasa, huɗa, da gratings. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan sautunan yana dogara ne akan dabba da aiki mai mahimmanci, ko neman abokin aure, kare yanki, gargaɗin mafarauta, ko kuma kawai sadarwa tsakanin mutane iri ɗaya. Daga kwari da ke tashi cikin jirgi zuwa raye-rayen kwadi da maraice, duniyar sautin halitta ta kunshi hadadden makada.
Yawancin sautin bayan fage na shimfidar wurarenmu an yi su ne da sautin mafi girman dabbobi: kwari da amphibians. Yayin da ake iya gane waƙar tsuntsaye, kwari irin su ƙudan zuma, sauro, crickets, da cicadas, da masu amphibians kamar kwadi da toads, sun zama ginshiƙan ginshiƙi na yawancin halittu. Wannan yanayin sauti ya bambanta dangane da lokacin rana, yanayi, har ma da yanayi, yana sa kowane gwaninta a yanayi na musamman.
Sauti, nesa da zama sauƙaƙan ƙararraki, cika mahimman ayyuka na muhalli. Misali, suna taimaka wa masana kimiyya wajen gano nau'ikan halittu, gudanar da kidayar jama'a, da kuma lura da bambancin halittu. Bugu da ƙari, canje-canje a yanayin sauti na iya faɗakar da mu game da rikice-rikicen muhalli kamar asarar nau'in ko rarrabuwar wuraren zama.
Menene hum kuma ta yaya yake faruwa?
Buzzing, a tsarin dabbobi, yana nufin sautin girgiza da aka samo asali ta hanyar bugun fuka-fuki da sauri ko girgiza wasu sassan jiki. Wannan al'amari ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin kwari masu tashi kamar su kudan zuma, kuda, kudan zuma, kwari da doki, sauro, da bumblebees. Duk da haka, akwai kuma ƙananan tsuntsaye, irin su hummingbirds, waɗanda za su iya yin hayaniya ta hanyar kada fuka-fukinsu da sauri.
Mafi na kowa tsarin buzzing shine babban fiffike fiɗa. Misali, kudan zuma na iya bugun fuka-fukansa kusan sau 230 a cikin dakika daya, yayin da hummingbird zai iya yin bugun fuka-fuki tsakanin 80 zuwa 200 a cikin dakika daya, ya danganta da ko yana cikin jirgin ne na al'ada ko lokacin zawarcinsa. Wannan jijjiga yana haifar da raƙuman sauti waɗanda, yayin da suke wucewa ta cikin iska, suna isa kunnuwan mu a matsayin sautin ƙararrakin da ba a sani ba.
Ba duk sautunan hugging ba daidai suke ba. Wasu dabbobi, irin su crickets, grasshoppers, da cicadas, suna haifar da sauti iri ɗaya ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar stridulation ko shafa sassan jiki tare. Saboda haka, ko da yake mutane suna ganin wasu kararraki a matsayin "haushe," ta fuskar nazarin halittu, suna iya samun mabambantan asali.
Buzzing kwari: ainihin taurari
Kwari sune, ba tare da shakka ba, sarakunan buzzing a yanayi. Yawancinsu suna amfani da wannan sautin ne a matsayin sakamako kai tsaye na motsin iska, amma kuma a matsayin kayan aikin sadarwa da tsaro.
Daga cikin ƙwarin da suka fi yawan buzzing, muna samun:
- Kudan zuma, zazzagewa da bumblebees: Waɗannan mahimman masu yin pollinators suna samar da sauti mai ban sha'awa na musamman lokacin tashi, wanda yanayin sautinsa zai iya bambanta dangane da nau'in, girman, da saurin bugun fikafikai.
- Sauro: Sautin da suke damun su yana da kyau musamman idan suna kusa da kunnen ɗan adam. Ana yin ta ne ta hanyar saurin motsi na fikafikansu, wanda ke girgiza sau ɗaruruwan a cikin daƙiƙa guda.
- Kuda da doki: Suna fitar da ham mara nauyi a lokacin jirgin. Kuna iya lura da kasancewar su tun kafin ku gan su, godiya ga wannan sautin.
- Beetles masu tashi: Wasu nau'ikan, irin su waɗanda ke cikin dangin Scarabaeidae, suna haifar da sauti mai ƙarfi saboda girma da ƙarfin fikafikan su.
- Mantids da lobsters: Ko da yake ba su da yawa, wasu nau'ikan na iya yin buzz yayin da suke tashi cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi, har ma suna haifar da wani nau'in "gurguwa."
Ayyukan waɗannan kugi sun wuce motsi kawai. Wani lokaci sautin yana zama gargaɗi don tsoratar da mafarauta, kamar yadda ke faruwa tare da wasu kudan zuma da zazzagewa, ko kuma aiki azaman hanyar jan hankali yayin zawarcinta.
Grillo
Hummingbirds da buzzing na tsuntsaye
Ko da yake ƙasa da na kowa fiye da na kwari, wasu tsuntsaye kuma suna samar da sautunan humming, hummingbirds shine mafi sanannun misali. Wadannan tsuntsayen da ba na nahiyar Amurka ba, sun shahara da kankanin girmansu da iya zama da iska, suna kada fikafikansu cikin sauri mai ban mamaki. Wannan motsi yana haifar da ƙara mai kama da na kwari, ko da yake yana da ƙarfi kuma tare da mitoci daban-daban.
Zunzuncito hummingbird, tsuntsu mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya, yana iya kada fikafikansa har sau 80 a cikin daƙiƙa guda. A lokacin zawarcinsa, kidan na iya ninka sau biyu, ya kai bugun fuka-fuki 200 a cikin dakika daya, yana samar da sauti mai ji ko da daga nesa. Wannan sauti mai ban tsoro yana da mahimmanci wanda a yawancin al'adu yana da alaƙa da sihiri ko sa'a.
Sauran tsuntsaye, irin su ƙwanƙolin itace, suna samar da sauti masu mahimmanci, ko da yake ba a la'akari da su kamar buzzing. A wannan yanayin, bugun baki na rhythmic yana nuna alamar yanki da jawo hankalin abokin aure, yana nuna yadda kowane nau'in ya haɓaka harshensa na sauti.
Fasaha na stridulation: crickets, cicadas da grasshoppers
Yayin da yawanci ana keɓance buzzing don kwari masu fiffike, akwai wasu sautuna masu maimaitawa a cikin yanayi waɗanda stridulation ke haifarwa. Wannan dabarar ta ƙunshi shafa sassan jiki masu tauri, yawanci fikafikai ko ƙafafu, don samar da jijjiga mai ji. Wannan shi ne yanayin da crickets, cicadas, da grasshoppers, sanannun wakoki na dare ko lokacin rani.
A cikin crickets da grasshoppers, tsarin ya haɗa da shafa femurs a kan fuka-fuki ko ciki, yayin da a cikin cicadas, sauti na musamman ne da ake kira tymbals. Wadannan gabobin da ke cikin ciki, suna aiki kamar membrane mai girgiza da sauri yayin da yake takurewa da shakatawa, wanda ke haifar da kara mai karfi da ake iya jin tazarar daruruwan mitoci.
Waƙar crickets, alal misali, tana da tsayi mai kama da nisa tsakanin kunnuwa biyu na ɗan adam. Wannan ya sa ya zama da wahala a iya bambanta ainihin alkiblar da sautin ke fitowa, sha'awar cewa yanayi ya zama wani amfani ga waɗannan kwari.
Acoustic curiosities na sauran dabbobi
Iri-iri na sautin dabbobi suna da ban mamaki kuma ba'a iyakance ga kururuwa da hayaƙi kawai ba. Muna samun misalai masu ban sha'awa a cikin wasu nau'ikan da yawa:
- Mujiya da sito: Suna amfani da ɓatanci ko ƙwanƙwasa don sadarwa da dare. Sauti ne mai zurfi, ƙasa da fadi.
- Crows and corvids: Suna haifar da ƙugiya, kira mai tsauri, kira mai ɗaukar hankali da ake amfani da su don sadarwa da kuma gargaɗin haɗari.
- tattabarai da tattabarai: Sautunan su, da ake kira coos da coos, ana amfani da su don yin shari'a da kula da dangantaka.
- Dabbobi: Crotorans suna tafa kuɗinsu, saboda ba su da igiyoyin murya. Ana iya ganewa sosai a lokacin mating.
- Boars: Suna yin kururuwa, gaurayawan gunaguni da kururuwa da ake amfani da su don faɗakar da haɗari ko nuna rashin jin daɗi.
- giwaye: Suna wasa da ƙahoni a matsayin kayan kida na halitta, tare da ƙarar sauti da ke tafiya mai nisa.
- Foxes: Gañen, wani nau'in gajere ne mai tsayi mai tsayi, kama da na karnuka amma ya fi kaifi, mai amfani ga yanayi daban-daban.
- Whales: Waƙoƙinsu suna da zurfi da ƙarfi da za su iya yin tafiya na mil a ƙarƙashin ruwa, suna tabbatar da cewa sadarwar sauti tana da mahimmanci ko da a cikin teku.
Kowane ɗayan waɗannan sauti yana da sunansa da takamaiman ma'ana a cikin halayen nau'in. Yin nazarin su ba kawai yana taimaka mana mu fahimci dabbobi da kyau ba, har ma yana faɗaɗa fahimtar yanayin da muke rayuwa a ciki.
Muhimmancin muhalli na sadarwar murya
Sauti hanya ce mai matukar tasiri ta hanyar sadarwa a yanayi. Yana ba da damar watsa bayanai cikin sauri da inganci, koda ba tare da haɗa ido ba. Alal misali, waƙoƙin tsuntsaye suna ba wa mata damar bambancewa tsakanin maza na nau'in jinsinsu, don sauƙaƙe ganewa da samun nasarar haihuwa. Ga mafarauta, sautin abin da suka gani zai iya taimaka musu wajen gano su, kuma akasin haka, kamar yadda yawancin ganima ke amfani da sauti don faɗakar da barazanar.
Juyin Halitta ya baiwa kowane nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in sauti na musamman. Don haka, ƙananan dabbobi sukan yi amfani da mitoci mafi girma, yayin da manya ke amfani da ƙananan mitoci don sadarwa ta nisa. Bugu da ƙari, ikon daidaita sauti yana ba su damar dacewa da yanayi da yanayi daban-daban, kamar yadda yake da tsuntsayen birane, waɗanda ke rera waƙa da ƙarfi don rama hayaniyar birni.
Don haka yanayin sauti yana nuna lafiyar halittu. Lokacin da sautin dabba ya ragu, sau da yawa yana nuna hasarar halittu ko sauye-sauyen muhalli, al'amarin da ke damun masana kimiyyar halittu da masu kiyayewa.
Bioacoustics: Lokacin da Kimiyya ke Saurari Yanayin
Bioacoustics shine horon da ke nazarin sautunan halittu don ganowa, tantancewa, da kiyaye bambancin halittu. Masu bincike a duk faɗin duniya suna amfani da na'urori masu mahimmanci da dabaru don ɗaukar sautin namun daji da ƙirƙirar bayanan sauti. Wadannan rakodin suna ba da damar fahimtar fahimtar jinsuna, ba tare da hargitsa yanayin ba, kuma gano canje-canje na muhalli wanda zai iya gano amfani da wasu hanyoyin.
A cikin Spain da Latin Amurka, bioacoustics ya ba da damar gano nau'ikan ta hanyar waƙoƙin su, gano keɓancewar jama'a, da kuma nazarin kyawawan yanayin sauti na wurare kamar gandun daji, dazuzzuka, da dausayi. Misali, faifan bidiyo na kwadi, cricket, da mawakan tsuntsaye a wuraren shakatawa na halitta sun nuna yadda gurbatar hayaniya da asarar muhalli ke rage kasancewar wasu nau’in.
Aikin fili na iya zama mai wahala da buƙata, yana buƙatar gano dabbobi masu aiki, lokaci, da yin fim a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Duk da haka, wannan ƙoƙarin yana da mahimmanci don rubuta wadatar yanayin mu da kuma samun damar ɗaukar matakan kiyayewa masu inganci.
Whale
Yadda ake rikodin sautin dabba da nazarin
Tsarin rikodin dabbar sauti ya ƙunshi balaguron dare ko faɗuwar rana, lokacin da dabbobin suka fi aiki. Ana amfani da makirufo mai hankali, sau da yawa ana ajiye su kusa da dabbar da ke fitar da sauti, don samun bayyanannun rikodi masu inganci. Sannan ana nazarin sautin a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje don tantance shi da gano nau'in da ke fitarwa.
Daga cikin sigogin da aka yi nazari sun haɗa da mita, ƙarfi, tsawon lokaci da tsarin sauti. Wannan bayanin yana ba mu damar kwatanta kira tsakanin jinsuna daban, har ma ya bambanta bambance-bambancen tsakanin mutane iri ɗaya.
Ana amfani da bankunan sauti na halitta wajen koyarwa, isar da saƙon kimiyya, daftarin aiki, da haɓaka aikace-aikace don sanin nau'ikan ta hanyar sauti. Bugu da ƙari, suna taimakawa gano nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, ɓatattun al'umma, ko mamayewar halittu ta hanyar sauraron yanayi kawai.
Talauci na yanayin sauti: siginar ƙararrawa
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen a yau shine gurɓataccen hayaniya da bacewar sautin sauti na yanayi. Yayin da hayaniyar mutane ke karuwa a birane da karkara, wasan kwaikwayo na yanayi yana ƙara yin shiru. Masana sun lura da raguwar kwari da tsuntsaye a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da asarar kururuwa, trilling, da croaking.
Wannan al'amari ba wai kawai ya talautar da gwaninta ba, har ma yana shafar yanayin muhalli da yanayin rayuwar namun daji kai tsaye. Yawancin nau'ikan suna da wahalar sadarwa, haifuwa, da kuma kare kansu daga barazanar, wanda zai haifar da raguwa ko ɓacewa.
Sauraron yanayi, saboda haka, wani aiki ne na godiya da mutunta muhalli. Yana ba mu damar haɗi tare da matakai na halitta, koyo, kuma mu ji daɗin ɗimbin dukiya da ke kewaye da mu.
Hali a matsayin mai sauraro, ƙalubalen koyan sauraro
Yanayin sauti na halitta na musamman ne, mai canzawa koyaushe da ban mamaki. Babu wurare biyu ko lokutan yini da ke sauti iri ɗaya. Zazzabi, yanayi, da lokacin rana suna ƙayyade nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) ne ke tantance ko wane nau'in ji da kuma ta yaya, ke baiwa kowane lungu da sako na duniya nau'in sauti na musamman.
Gane sauti da mahaliccinsu motsa jiki ne mai ban sha'awa da wadatarwa. Sauraron buguwar kwari da faɗuwar rana, ko kururuwar kwadi a cikin tafki, ko kurar mujiya da dare, yana haɗa mu kai tsaye da al'adu da yanayin rayuwa.
Masana sun yarda cewa don fahimtar shimfidar wuri, dole ne ku saurare shi. Daga nan ne kawai za mu gano duk abin da ke faruwa a kusa da mu kuma mu fahimci mahimmancin kare shi ga al'ummomi masu zuwa.
