Duniyar shudiyya tana rayuwa har zuwa sunanta: kusan kashi 70% na saman duniya ruwa ne ya lullube shi, kuma tekuna ya zama kashi 99% na sararin samaniyar duniya. Duk da haka, kusan kashi 5% na teku ne aka bincika, wanda ya bar wata babbar taga a buɗe ga sabbin nau'ikan da hanyoyin da ba a san su ba.
Sama da nau'in ruwa 230.000 ne aka bayyana. (kuma kiyasin cewa ya zarce miliyan daya), yana mai tabbatar da cewa yawancin rayuwa a duniya na cikin ruwa ne. Koyo game da wannan bambancin ba wai kawai abin ban sha'awa ba ne: Yana da mahimmanci don kare shi, saboda yana shafar lafiyar teku da koguna Ya dogara da yanayi, tattalin arziki da kuma jin dadin mu.
Rayuwa a cikin ruwa: girma, ayyuka da dalilin da ya sa yake da mahimmanci
Teku yana daidaita yanayin yanayi, yana motsa abubuwan gina jiki ta cikin magudanan ruwa, kuma yana ɗaukar nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu masu ban mamaki waɗanda ke tallafawa sarƙoƙin abinci na duniya. Girman ruwansa yana kusa da 1,3 × 10 ^ 9 km³ kuma yana tattara kashi 97,5% na ruwan duniya (tare da matsakaicin salinity na 3,5%).
Microorganisms suna wakiltar kusan kashi 70% na halittun ruwa. kuma suna jagorantar matakai masu mahimmanci kamar photosynthesis na teku da carbon, nitrogen, da phosphorus. Ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta na ruwa-mafi yawa bacteriophages-yana sake yin amfani da carbon ta hanyar wargaza kwayoyin cuta da inganta sababbin furanni na algal.
Daga ciyawar ciyawa zuwa dazuzzukan kelp, ciyayi na ruwa suna haifar da matsuguni da wuraren kiwo don invertebrates da kifi. Nau'o'in irin su Posidonia oceanica suna daidaita magudanar ruwa da kuma ƙara tsaftar ruwa, tare da yin tasiri kai tsaye akan bambancin halittun bakin teku.
soso na teku
Rayuwar da ba a iya gani ba a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, magudanar ruwa mai zafi ko ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara na Antarctic yana bayyana matsananciyar daidaitawa (barophiles a kan 10.000 m, microbes a 122 ° C), yayin da a saman neuston yana amfani da fim din ruwa don rayuwa da motsawa.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa marasa jurewa game da dabbobin ruwa
Jellyfish ya kasance kusan shekaru miliyan 650, tun kafin dinosaurs da sharks. Tarihin juyin halittarsu ya sa su zama tsofaffin sojojin ruwa na gaskiya.
An gane soso na teku a matsayin dabbobi a 1825. Kuma ko da yake ba su da gabobin jiki, jijiyoyi ko kwakwalwa, suna kula da tsarin tacewa mai inganci wanda zai ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin ruwa a duniya.
Wutar lantarki tana iya haifar da isassun girgiza don kunna kwararan fitila da yawa. (bayanin kula: wannan nau'in nau'in ruwa ne, amma yana misalta kyamar halittun dabbobin ruwa).
Dolphins suna barci tare da rabin kwakwalwarsu yana aiki kuma ido daya bude. don lura da mafarauta da kuma kula da fuskantarwa.
Dorinar dorinar na da zukata uku kuma jininta shudi ne ta hemocyanin, wani launi na tushen jan karfe wanda ke inganta jigilar oxygen a cikin ruwan sanyi.
Kawa na iya canza jima'i a tsawon rayuwarsu., dabarun da ke inganta nasarar haihuwa dangane da mahallin.
Zuciyar shrimp tana cikin kai, wani ɗan adam peculiarity cewa ko da yaushe mamaki.
Kunkuru suna nan a duk nahiyoyi ban da Antarctica., kuma nau'o'in ruwa da yawa suna yin ƙaura ta dubban kilomita tsakanin wuraren ciyar da gida.
Kifin jirgin ruwa ne mai gudun teku, tare da kololuwar sama da 100 km/h akan gajerun tafiye-tafiye.
Kifin ruwa kuma yana iya samun ƙishirwa: Ta hanyar osmosis, dole ne su sha kuma su fitar da gishiri mai yawa don kiyaye daidaiton ciki.
Giants na teku: Whales da sauran colossi
Harshen blue whale na iya yin nauyi kamar balagaggen giwa., kuma kiran su ya kai kusan 188 dB, wasu daga cikin sautin dabbar da aka yi rikodin.
Blue Whale ita ce dabba mafi girma da ta taɓa wanzuwa., tsayi har zuwa mita 30 kuma yana auna tan 180. Amma duk da haka yana ciyar da ƙananan krill a cikin adadi mai yawa.
Manyan cetaceans na iya yin barci yayin yin iyo a hankali., Halin da ke rage haɗari a cikin buɗaɗɗen teku.
Shark whale shine kifi mafi girma, yana gabatowa 12m da ton 12; yana da kyau a tuna cewa whales dabbobi masu shayarwa ne, ba kifi ba.
Maɗaukaki masu ban mamaki: daidaitawa na musamman
A cikin dawakan teku, namiji ne ke yin ciki kuma ya “haifo” matasa., wani yanayi na musamman na juyawar matsayin haihuwa.
Kifin aku yana samar da yashi mai kyau a tsibiran murjani., murƙushe murjani da fitar da shi a matsayin laka, mahimmin sinadari ga rairayin bakin teku na aljanna.
Brunette ta buɗe ta rufe bakinta don numfasawa, ba don razana ba.; kamanninsa na yaudara ne, amma wannan "grimace" shine samun iska.
Ribon ribbon yana canza launi da jima'i a tsawon rayuwarsa.: baƙar fata a farkon (namiji na matasa), shuɗi a matsayin babba da rawaya idan ya zama mace.
Wasu nudibranchs suna "haɗa" hasken rana ta hanyar satar chloroplasts ko hotunan hotunan hoto., dabarun da aka sani da kleptoplasty.
Kifin frog ɗin ba shi da haƙora kuma yana haɗiye ganimarsa gaba ɗaya.; mutane da yawa suna amfani da appendage na cephalic a matsayin abin da zai jawo hankalin waɗanda abin ya shafa.
Kifin akwatin yana wasa da sulke kamar akwatin kasusuwa tare da ramuka don idanu, baki da fins, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙira mai juriya.
Crabs suna "tauna" tare da hakora a cikin ciki, wani nau'in niƙa na ciki da ake kira gizzard na ciki.
Shark shark yana amfani da wutsiya mai tsayi a matsayin bulala a daure makarantun kifi kafin a cinye su.
Abin da muke la'akari da dabbar ruwa
Su ne waɗanda suke ciyar da rayuwarsu gaba ɗaya ko wani muhimmin sashi na zagayowar su cikin ruwa, sabo ko gishiri. Suna iya shakar iskar oxygen (gills, fata) ko iska (huhu), dangane da rukuni da kuma daidaitawa.
Irin nau'in yana da girma sosai wanda har yanzu ba a bayyana shi sosai ba., amma, kamar yadda yake a ƙasa, an haɗa su cikin kashin baya da kuma invertebrates, dangane da tsarin jikinsu da tsarin jikinsu.
Nau'in dabbobin ruwa: vertebrates da invertebrates
Vertebrates
Sun hada da kifi, dabbobi masu rarrafe, dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye, tare da kashin baya kuma, a mafi yawan lokuta, kwarangwal mai kyau.
- Kifi: tare da numfashin gill.
- Agnatos: marasa muƙamuƙi, kamar fitila.
- Chondroichthyes: kwarangwal na cartilaginous, kamar sharks da haskoki.
- osteichthyes: kwarangwal, kamar tuna.
- dabbobi masu rarrafe: huhu, fata mai laushi da oviparous ko ovoviviparous haifuwa (kunkuru na teku, macijin teku, marine iguana, crocodiles).
- Dabbobi masu shayarwa: huhu, suna kiwon 'ya'yansu da madara da kungiyoyi irin su cetaceans (whales, belugas, dolphins), pinnipeds (seals, walruses, giwa seals) da sirenians (mantees, dugongs). Wasu ƙananan ruwayen ƙasa kamar hippopotamus, suna amfani da ruwa a matsayin mafaka da thermoregulation.
- Aves: daidaitacce plumage, kyakkyawan rufi da abinci na ruwa ko ruwa mai tsabta (penguins, pelicans, seagulls, herons).
Invertebrates
Ba su da kwarangwal na ciki kuma suna samar da zuriya iri-iri., daga sifofin sessile zuwa masu yin iyo masu aiki.
- Arthropods: crustaceans tare da harsashi da gills (crabs, shrimp).
- Mollusks: tare da ko ba tare da harsashi (mussels, clams, dorinar ruwa, squid).
- Echinoderms: kwarangwal calcareous na ciki da simmetry na radial (taurari, urchins na teku, tauraro masu gasa).
- Tsutsotsi: annelids, nematodes da platyhelminthes, da yawa sediment-cin ko parasitic.
- zafi: tace soso ba tare da ainihin kyallen takarda ba.
- Cnidarians: jellyfish, murjani, anemones da hydras, tare da ƙwanƙwasawa.
Mabuɗin fasali na rayuwar ruwa
Numfashi: da gills (sharks, haskoki), fata (tauraro da urchin teku a musayar gas) ko huhu (dolphins, whales, kunkuru).
Habitat: ruwan gishiri (tekuna da tekuna) ko ruwa mai dadi (koguna, tafkuna, lagoons), tare da takamaiman daidaitawar osmotic.
AbincinA cikin teku, da yawa suna cinye phytoplankton; a cikin koguna da tafkuna, akwai mafarauta, ƴan dabbobi, da ƴaƴan gaɓar teku, waɗanda abincinsu ya dogara da samun gida.
Sake bugun: jima'i (oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous) da asexual (misali hadi na waje a cikin starfish), tare da dabaru masu ban mamaki.
Zafin jiki: daga ectotherms tare da halayen thermoregulatory zuwa nau'in da ke da rufi na musamman (mai, gashinsa, ma'auni).
