Masarautar dabba ba ta gushe tana ba mu mamaki tare da iyawarta na ban mamaki don haɓakawa, daidaitawa da sake ƙirƙira.Tarihin rayuwa a Duniya da gaske tarihin gwagwarmayar rayuwa ne, da sauyin da ake samu akai-akai ta fuskar sauye-sauyen muhalli, da bullowar ingantattun hanyoyin magance kalubalen da yanayi ke haifarwa. Fahimtar yadda nau'in dabbobi suka samo asali kuma suka daidaita ba kawai yana ba mu haske game da duniyarmu ba amma kuma yana bayyana asirin rayuwa kanta da kuma hanyoyin da za su iya jurewa.
A yau muna shaida lokaci mai ban sha'awa wanda kimiyya ta bayyana Sabbin fahimta game da ilimin halitta, ɗabi'a, physiological, da daidaita yanayin yanayinWadannan sauye-sauye, nesa da zama masu son sani kawai, misalai ne masu ban mamaki na yadda rayayyun halittu suke shawo kan masifu da kuma dawwamar zuriyarsu. kwayoyin halitta da sababbin abubuwa Daga matsananciyar misalan rayuwa ko haɗuwar juyin halitta, kowane daidaitawa yana riƙe da darasi game da mahimmancin bambancin da mu'amala tsakanin halittu da muhallinsu.
Ta yaya juyin halitta ke aiki a masarautar dabba?
Juyin Halittu shine tsarin da nau'in dabbobi ke canzawa akan lokaci., sakamakon tarin ƙananan bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta waɗanda, idan suna da amfani, suna dawwama a cikin jama'a. Charles Darwin Shi ne ya fara fahimtar yadda, ta hanyar zabin yanayiMutanen da suka fi dacewa da yanayin su suna rayuwa da haɓaka, suna ba da halayensu ga zuriyarsu. Yanayin yana zaɓar mafi dacewa, yana haifar da ci gaba da tseren canje-canje da aka mayar da hankali kan inganta rayuwa da haifuwa.
Matsalolin juyin halitta, kamar yanayin yanayi, wadatar abinci, gasa tsakanin nau'ikan halittu, da kasancewar mafarauta, Yi aiki azaman matattarar yanayi, tsara dabarun rayuwa. Sabili da haka, lokacin da yanayi ya canza - ko saboda abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi, bala'o'in ƙasa, ko tasirin ɗan adam - ana tilastawa nau'ikan su daidaita, ƙaura, ko bacewa. Ana iya lura da juyin halitta a cikin bullowar sabbin nau'ikan (bayani), a cikin sauye-sauye a hankali na zuriya ko kuma a cikin asarar kwayoyin halitta ba za su iya fuskantar sababbin kalubale ba.
Misalai na tarihi irin su sauyawa daga ruwa zuwa dabbobin ƙasa, da bambance-bambancen dabbobi masu shayarwa bayan bacewar dinosaurs, ko juyin halittar tsuntsaye daga dabbobi masu rarrafe, ya kwatanta yadda rayuwa a duniya ba ta tsaya tsayin daka ba, amma cikakken ƙarfi. Kowane reshe na bishiyar juyin halitta yana ba da labarun nasara, gazawa, da ci gaba da daidaitawa.
Dabarun daidaitawa: iri da misalai masu ban mamaki
Daidaituwa su ne ginshiƙi na tsakiya na rayuwar dabba kuma yawanci ana rarraba su zuwa manyan nau'ikan uku: morphological, physiological da hali.
- Sauke tsarin halittu: Canje-canje a siffar jikin dabba ko tsarinta wanda zai inganta ikonta na kewaya muhallinta. Misali, kamanni a cikin hawainiya, siffar kifaye mai ruwa da ruwa, ko lankwasa farantan tsuntsayen ganima.
- Tsarin jiki: Canje-canje a cikin aiki na ciki ko metabolism, kamar ka'idojin zafin jiki, rashin jin daɗi a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, ko haɓakawa a cikin amphibians da dabbobi masu rarrafe.
- Daidaita ɗabi'a: Canje-canje a ɗabi'a, sau da yawa koyo ko ilhami, waɗanda ke haɓaka damar rayuwa. Hijira, zawarcinsu, haɗin gwiwar farauta, da dabarun kubuta daga mafarauta wasu misalai ne na alama.
Kowane nau'in daidaitawa na iya bayyana kansa ta hanyoyi daban-daban masu ban mamaki.Kadangare, alal misali, na iya zubar da wutsiyarsu don tserewa mafarauta, yayin da masu rarrafe suna da jinkirin metabolism da algae a cikin gashin gashinsu wanda ke sa ba a iya ganin su a saman bishiyoyi. Armadillos kuwa. Suna da faranti na kasusuwa waɗanda ke ba su sulke na halitta da ikon mirgine sama cikin ƙwallon da ba za a iya wucewa ba.
A cikin jeji, rakumin ya fito da faffadan qafafu da kusoshi cike da kitse. (wanda za'a iya canza shi zuwa ruwa da makamashi), ban da ikon yin tsayayya da babban bambancin zafin jiki ba tare da buƙatar gumi ba, wanda ke rage asarar ruwa a cikin yanayi mara kyau.
A cikin wuraren zama na birane, nau'ikan irin su foxes da raccoons sun zama ƙwararrun ƙwararrun gaske a cikin daidaitawaSun koyi canza jadawalin su, yin amfani da sabbin albarkatu (kwayoyin shara, tarkacen abinci), da kuma gyara halayensu don zama tare da kasancewar ɗan adam. Waɗannan abubuwan lura sun nuna cewa filastik ɗabi'a da fahimi kayan aiki ne mai ƙarfi don daidaitawa.
Matsayin yanayi a cikin bambancin da juyin halitta
Muhalli shine ke haifar da sauye-sauyen juyin halitta a masarautar dabbobi.Abubuwa kamar yanayi, ciyayi, kasancewar sauran dabbobi, da yanayin yanayin ƙasa sun zama mahallin da kowane nau'in jinsin dole ne ya inganta dabarun rayuwa. Don haka, nazarin wurin zama A cikin abin da suke rayuwa yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar juyin halittar su da daidaitawa.
Misali bayyananne shine juyin halittar sharks na farko, wanda a lokacin lokacin anoxia na teku (ƙananan matakan oxygen a cikin ruwa) dole ne ya matsa zuwa yankunan da ke da yawan iskar oxygen. Wannan canjin ya haifar da sauye-sauye na physiological na ban mamaki, kamar haɓaka fins masu ƙarfi da buƙatar ci gaba da tafiya a koyaushe, yana haifar da zuriya irin su manyan farar fata da hammerhead sharks.
A cikin dajin Amazon, dolphins masu ruwan hoda sun sami hanyoyin sadarwa na musamman., kamar sakin siginar sinadarai ta hanyar fitsari a cikin hulɗar zamantakewa. A cikin murjani reefs, dorinar ruwa suna aiki tare da kifaye don farauta tare, yana nuna cewa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban na iya haɓaka tasiri da rayuwa sosai.
Sabuntawa ba wai kawai amsawa ga mafarauta ko buƙatu na yau da kullun ba, har ma da bala'i ko manyan canje-canje a cikin muhalli.Kowane wurin zama yana haifar da jerin ƙalubalen da za a shawo kan su, waɗanda ke fassara zuwa abubuwan ƙirƙirar halittu masu ban mamaki.
Fitattun misalai na daidaitawar dabba
- Wutsiya ta anteater: Ana amfani da shi azaman tsari da kayan aiki don kama ganima da dogon harshe mai ɗaki.
- Nictitating membranes na crocodiles: Suna kare idanu a karkashin ruwa yayin farauta ko iyo.
- Kamewar kifin kifi da dorinar ruwa: Suna canza launi da nau'in fatar jikinsu don haɗawa da kewayen su gaba ɗaya.
- Hannun farko: Yatsu masu adawa da juna waɗanda ke ba ku damar sarrafa abubuwa, ɗaukar abinci, da hawan bishiyoyi da daidaito.
- Daidaita doki zuwa kiwo na rukuni: Yana inganta tsaro tare da sa ido akan maharbi.
- Hibernation metabolism A cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa: Yana ba da damar rayuwa ta tsawon lokacin sanyi da ƙarancin ƙarfi ta hanyar rage yawan aiki na rayuwa zuwa ƙarami.
Bugu da ƙari, akwai halayen ban mamaki da gaske, kamar maganin kai a cikin 'yan Orangutan, waɗanda aka lura suna amfani da tsire-tsire na magani ga raunukan su don cin gajiyar kayan warkarwa, ko aikin tiyata a cikin tururuwa kafinta, inda 'yan mulkin mallaka suka yanke gaɓoɓin gaɓoɓin da suka ji rauni don ceton mutum.
A kudu maso gabashin Asiya, shirin macizai na tashi daga bishiya zuwa bishiya, yana karkata jikinsa don yawo cikin iska don haka ya tsere ko kuma ya ba da mamaki. Dorinar ruwa Octopus cyanea Yana ba da haɗin kai da kifi wajen farauta kuma yana nuna halayen ladabtarwa a cikin yanayin rashin haɗin kai, hali na musamman mai rikitarwa a cikin invertebrates.
Haɗin juyin halitta: nau'ikan da ba su da alaƙa, dabaru iri ɗaya
Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi daure kai na juyin halitta shine haduwar juyin halitta.Yana faruwa a lokacin da nau'in jinsi daga zuriya daban-daban, ba tare da kusanci ba, suka haifar da sifofi iri ɗaya, gabobin jiki, ko ɗabi'a don amsa ƙalubalen muhalli iri ɗaya.
Misalai na yau da kullun sun haɗa da irin wannan ilimin halittar dabbar dolphins (masu shayarwa) da ichthyosaurs (masu rarrafe masu rarrafe), dukansu tare da sassauƙan jikinsu cikakke don saurin ninkaya. Fuka-fukai sun samo asali ne da kansu a cikin tsuntsaye, jemagu, da wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe, yana nuna cewa ikon tashi sama shine ingantaccen bayani wanda zaɓin yanayi ya fifita shi a lokuta da yawa.
Carcinization, tsarin da crustaceans daban-daban ke ƙarewa da siffofi masu kama da kaguwa, ya fito har sau biyar a zaman kansa. Wannan shi ne yanayin da kaguwar kaguwa da kaguwa, wanda, duk da asalinsu daban-daban, sun haɗu zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan tsari mai ɓatacce tare da farata mai ƙarfi, manufa don tsaro da abinci.
Wani misali mai ban mamaki shine idon cephalopods (octopuses, cuttlefish, squid), wanda duk da yake ya sha bamban da jinsin kashin baya, sun samar da gabobin gani masu hadaddun da aiki kamar idanun tsuntsaye ko dabbobi masu shayarwa. Juyin halittarsu mai zaman kansa yana bayyana cewa akwai 'mafita' waɗanda yanayi ke ƙoƙarin maimaitawa lokacin da suke aiki da kyau.
Tasirin kwayoyin halitta da dama akan juyin halitta
Kwatsam maye gurbi na kwayoyin halitta shine albarkatun juyin halittaYawancin maye gurbi suna tsaka tsaki ko cutarwa, amma lokaci-lokaci ɗaya yana ba da fa'ida mai mahimmanci a cikin takamaiman yanayi. Makullin daidaitawa da aka kafa shi ne cewa yana jin daɗin rayuwa da haifuwa, wanda ke ba da damar watsa shi da kafa shi a cikin yawan jama'a.
Genetics ba kawai yana aiki a matakin mutum ɗaya baTsari irin su karkatar da kwayoyin halitta da zaɓin wucin gadi-lokacin da mutane suka shiga tsakani kai tsaye a cikin haifuwa-na iya haifar da sakamako mara tsammani. Misali, akuyar myotonic ta haifar da maye gurbi wanda ke sa tsokokinsa suyi taurin lokacin da ya firgita. Ko da yake ba fa'ida ce mai dacewa da yanayi ba, zaɓin ɗan adam ya ci gaba da wannan yanayin.
Juyin halitta kuma ya ƙunshi sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta da physiological, kamar fitowar sunadaran na musamman, sabbin hanyoyin rayuwa, ko juriya ga matsanancin yanayi. Daidaita haemoglobin zuwa tsayi mai tsayi, juriyar ƙwayoyin cuta ga maganin rigakafi, da ikon wasu kifaye don ganewa da amsa siginar lantarki misalai ne na sabbin abubuwa a matakan salula da sinadarai.
Daidaitawa da canje-canje a cikin halayen dabba
Halin dabba shine sakamakon duka gadon gado da koyo.Yawancin nau'ikan sun daidaita dabarun su don dacewa da yanayin birane da karkara, suna canza tsarin ciyar da su, haifuwa, da ƙaura bisa tasirin ɗan adam da sauyin yanayi.
A cikin birane, tsuntsaye irin su sparrows da pigeons sun yi girma da sauri, mafi yawan kira. da za a ji sama da surutu, kuma wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa sun koyi canza tsarin ayyukansu don guje wa saduwa da mutane.
Haɗin kai na musamman da sadarwa misalai ne na ci-gaba da daidaita ɗabi'a.Dorinar dorinar ruwa da kifaye masu taimako, birai masu amfani da kayan aiki, da dolphins waɗanda ke amfani da soso don kariya duk suna nuna matakan ban mamaki na hankali da sassauci.
Dabbobi wani lokaci suna haɓaka dabarun ƙirƙira don fuskantar ƙalubalen da ba zato ba tsammani.Misali, wasu nau'ikan na yin hijira ba tare da annabta ba saboda tsananin sauyin yanayi, wasu tsuntsaye kuma sun koyi yin amfani da kayayyakin birane don gina gidaje masu juriya.
Sabbin abubuwan halitta da kuma dacewarsu a yanzu
Ci gaban ilimin kwayoyin halitta da injiniyan kwayoyin halitta ya ba da damar fahimtar har ma da maimaita wasu gyare-gyaren dabbobi.Gyaran halittu, alal misali, ya kawo sauyi na magani da noma, yana ba da damar gyaggyarawa nau'ikan don ba da juriya na cututtuka, inganta yawan aiki, ko maido da gurbatattun halittu.
Ilimin halitta na roba ya haifar da kwayoyin halitta masu iya karya robobi ko samar da man halittu., buɗe sabbin hanyoyi don dorewa. Waɗannan sabbin abubuwa suna koya mana cewa lura da kuma nazarin hanyoyin magance yanayi na iya ƙarfafa ci gaban fasaha da zamantakewa na babban tasiri.
Fahimtar daidaitawar dabba yana da mahimmanci don kiyayewaGano dabarun da suka ba da damar jinsuna su rayu na iya taimakawa wajen tsara tanadi, kare matsuguni masu mahimmanci, da kuma hasashen sakamakon sauyin yanayi.
Hulɗa tsakanin jinsuna da rawar da suke cikin juyin halitta
Daidaitawa ba koyaushe yana faruwa shi kaɗai ba.Da yawa sun taso don amsawa hulɗa tare da sauran nau'in: mafarauta, ganima, parasites, ko abokan haɗin gwiwa. Wannan al'amari ana kiransa da juyin halitta, kuma ya haifar da fitattun dabaru irin su kama-karya (Batesian da Müllerian mimicry), tseren makamai tsakanin mafarauta da ganima, da kawance tsakanin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan dabbobi ne.
Dangantaka na Symbiotic -kamar na wasu kifaye masu tsabta da masu masaukinsu, ko haɗin gwiwa tsakanin tururuwa da aphids - misalai ne na yadda haɗin gwiwa zai iya tabbatar da rayuwar juna. Bi da bi, gasa na iya hanzarta rarrabuwar kawuna, tare da fifita fitowar takamaiman abubuwan muhalli ko ƙwararrun ƙwarewa.
Maganin kai a cikin orangutans, yankewar magani a cikin tururuwa kafinta, da sadarwar sinadarai a cikin dolphins ruwan hoda. Misalai ne na ƙirƙira a cikin hulɗar zamantakewa da zamantakewa, tare da zurfin tasirin juyin halitta da muhalli.
Koyo don Gaba: Darussan Juriya da Daidaitawa
Dabi'a ƙwararre ce wajen sarrafa wahalaYin nazarin yadda nau'ikan dabbobi suka yi nasarar tsira daga sauyin yanayi, bala'o'i, da sa hannun ɗan adam yana ƙarfafa mu don samar da sabbin hanyoyin magance su.
Ma'auni na yanayin halittu ya dogara da bambancin da hulɗar tsakanin kowane nau'i na rayuwa.Kowane nau'in, komai kankantarsa, yana taka rawar da ba za a iya maye gurbinsa ba wajen kiyaye lafiyar muhalli. Don haka, fahimta da mutunta waɗannan abubuwan yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka mafi daidaituwa tare da yanayin mu.
